Re: [請益] 黑人
※ 引述《void ( bubble)》之銘言：
: 2654 2665篇
: 我都已經上色 一再強調
: 就是有人文章都不看完嗎
: 老實說 種族歧視干我屁事 原來"我認為"黑人爆發力強也可以扯到種族歧視...
Babel K. Hertogh C. Hue O. Influence of ethnic origin on predictive
parameters of performance in sprint running in prepubertal boys. [Journal
Article] International Journal of Sports Medicine. 26(9):798-802, 2005 Nov.
UI: 16237627
Authors Full Name
Babel, K. Hertogh, C. Hue, O.
這篇可以去找來看看...?
以下是Abstract:
Afro-American and Caribbean athletes have long dominated sprint running,
although the reasons for their disproportionate success remain unclear. The
studies of sprinting ability in blacks versus whites have shown contradictory
results. This study compared the anthropometric measurements and the physical
test results (vertical jump and sprint) of Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean
prepubertal boys. Seventeen healthy untrained prepubertal boys, 8 Caucasians
and 9 Afro-Caribbeans (11.49 +/- 0.74 years) performed vertical jump tests (a
countermovement jump according to the Sargent method, using Abalakov
material) and short sprints (30 m). Age, height, weight, and fat mass
percentage were also recorded. The sprints were filmed to determine the
number of strides over the 30 m. No significant difference was noted for
sprint performance between the Caucasians and Afro-Caribbeans (respectively,
5.59 seconds +/- 0.44 vs. 5.51 s +/- 0.50). The predictors of sprint
performance differed between the two groups: the vertical jump test was the
main predictor for the Caucasian group, whereas the stride number/height
ratio was the main predictor for the Afro-Caribbean group. This last group
had better ratio (0.14 +/- 0.15 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.02, p < 0.05) and better jump
test results (36.77 cm +/- 2.90 vs. 31.12 cm +/- 4.76, p < 005). The
prepubertal Afro-Caribbeans seemed to be endowed to run faster but they did
not. We hypothesize that they were unable to use their greater leg strength
to develop an optimal stride. Further study is needed to investigate what
occurs at other maturational stages.
Sekiya T. Sakate T. The effects of race, living standards, and exercise on
the degree of motor development: comparison between schoolchildren in the
Republic of Honduras and Japan. [Journal Article] Applied Human Science.
15(5):211-8, 1996 Sep.
UI: 8979402
Authors Full Name
Sekiya, T. Sakate, T.
以下是abstract,(這篇ovid中有fulltext):
To investigate the development of motor ability according to age and
physique, a comparison was made among races and/or living standards of
schoolchildren in Republic of Honduras, and between Honduran and Japanese
schoolchildren. Based on the results of these comparisons, the extent to
which exercise contributes to the development of motor ability was examined.
Subjects were schoolchildren of typical three races in Honduras: Negroid,
Mongoloid (native Indio), and mixed race (Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid),
who attended public elementary schools. For a further comparison,
schoolchildren of mixed race attending private schools, whose living
standards are thought to be different from children attending public schools,
were also selected. Comparing physique among races from the measurement
values in the test battery, Negroid group ranked highest followed by the
mixed race group and Mongoloid group. The results for the comparison of motor
ability were also in the same order. From the viewpoint of living standards,
the physique and motor ability of the private school children, who were from
wealthy families, was better than that of the public school children.
However, when the degrees of motor development were compared using revised
values based on age and physique, the differences among groups became
smaller, and there was no significant difference between groups in the
50-meter dash or in the standing long jump. However, a comparison with
Japanese schoolchildren showed that, even if there was no difference in
physique, Japanese schoolchildren were still superior in motor ability. These
results suggest that differences in the degree of motor development are
mainly due to differences in exercise experience.
Malina RM. Racial/ethnic variation in the motor development and performance
of American children. [Review] [91 refs] [Journal Article. Review] Canadian
Journal of Sport Sciences. 13(2):136-43, 1988 Jun.
UI: 3293732
Authors Full Name
Malina, R M.
以下是Abstract:
The literature on the motor development and performance of American children
from several racial and ethnic groups is reviewed. The evidence suggests that
Black infants are advanced in motor development during the first two years of
life, and that Black children of school age, particularly boys, perform
consistently better than White and Mexican-American children in running speed
(dashes) and the vertical jump, with somewhat less consistent results for the
standing long jump and softball throw for distance. In contrast, differences
in the motor development and performance of Mexican-American and White
children are generally inconsistent and slight. Environmental factors are
most often cited as underlying racial or ethnic variation, but have not been
systematically investigated. A biocultural approach is essential if an
understanding of racial and ethnic variation in motor performance is to be
attained. [References: 91]
Marino FE. Lambert MI. Noakes TD. Superior performance of African runners in
warm humid but not in cool environmental conditions. [Journal Article]
Journal of Applied Physiology. 96(1):124-30, 2004 Jan.
UI: 12949014
Authors Full Name
Marino, Frank E. Lambert, Mike I. Noakes, Timothy D.
這篇的篇名基本上就已說明了內容，我想就不用貼Abstract了
Rahmani A. Locatelli E. Lacour JR. Differences in morphology and
force/velocity relationship between Senegalese and Italian sprinters.
[Clinical Trial. Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal Article] European Journal
of Applied Physiology. 91(4):399-405, 2004 Apr.
UI: 14618332
Authors Full Name
Rahmani, Abderrehmane. Locatelli, Elio. Lacour, Jean-Rene.
這篇ovid中有Full Text。
Abstract:
In order to investigate whether the supremacy of African sprinters is related
to the leg extensor force/velocity relationship or to leg morphology, two
groups of elite sprinters originating respectively from Senegal (S) and Italy
(I) were compared in this respect. The groups included 13 S and 15 I male
sprinters. Their mean best performances over 100 m during the preceding track
and field season were 10.66 (0.3) and 10.61 (0.3) s (NS), respectively. Age,
height and mass were similar in the two groups. The force/velocity
relationship of the leg extensors was assessed during maximal half-squats on
a guided horizontal barbell with masses of 20-140 kg added on the shoulders.
Leg morphology was assessed by relating the sub-ischial length to the
standing height (L/H) and by measuring the inertia in the vertical (IZ in
kg.cm2), antero-posterior (IY, kg.cm2) and medio-lateral (IX, kg.m2) planes.
The two groups developed non-different force and power when lifting the
heaviest loads. Inversely, the lighter the load, the lower the force and
power developed by S, as compared to I (P<0.001). S demonstrated greater L/H
(P<0.001), and 26% lower IZ (P<0.01), 15% lower IY (P=0.09), and 14% lower IX
(P=0.10). These results suggest that S and I sprinters were similar as
regards the muscle abilities involved in slow maximal contractions. However,
S demonstrated lower values in muscle abilities related to high-speed
contractions, suggesting that S sprinters had a lower percentage of fast
twitch fibres. This is likely to be compensated for by the lower level of
internal work due to longer and lighter legs.
其他還有一些文章，不過我最近時間有點窘迫...
void先生如果有興趣的話可以自己搜索看看...
這些文章我都是在ovid的medline裡面找到的...
(醫圖有買ovid的medline,既然void先生是台大的學生，那就可以免費使用......)
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