Re: [新聞] 美方文件揭密 李慶安擁美國籍
想說的太多，還是直接回吧
順便大概翻譯一下
※ 引述《ivanos (Peel quickly and see)》之銘言：
: ※ [本文轉錄自 Gossiping 看板]
: 作者: ivanos (Peel quickly and see) 看板: Gossiping
: 標題: Re: [新聞] 美方文件揭密 李慶安擁美國籍
: 時間: Thu Dec 25 19:23:15 2008
: 查了一下美國《移民與國籍法案》和台灣《國籍法》，我認為李慶安的立委資格
: 還是有機會被承認且保留。
: 美國《移民與國籍法案》(IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT)
: 第349條，關於國籍喪失:
: http://tinyurl.com/4nyg63 (ACT 349)
: Sec. 349. [8 U.S.C. 1481]
: (a) A person who is a national of the United States whether by birth or
: naturalization, shall lose his nationality by voluntarily performing any of
: the following acts with the intention of relinquishing United States
: nationality-
任何美國人，無論是因出生或歸化而成為美國人，會在自願且意圖放棄國籍的情況下
因從事以下的任何行為而喪失美國國籍
: (1) obtaining naturalization in a foreign state upon his own application or
: upon an application filed by a duly authorized agent, after having attained
: the age of eighteen years; or
歸化外國國籍，不論是自行辦理或委請他人辦理
: (2) taking an oath or making an affirmation or other formal declaration of
: allegiance to a foreign state or a political subdivision thereof, after
: having attained the age of eighteen years; or
向外國政府或政治實體宣示效忠
: (3) entering, or serving in, the armed forces of a foreign state if
: (A) such armed forces are engaged in hostilities against the United States,
: or
: (B) such persons serve as a commissioned or non-commissioned officer; or
加入視美國敵對為敵對方的軍隊或於外國軍隊中擔任軍官或士兵
(這意思似乎是說如果是非敵對且是聘僱的文職人員就不算)
: (4) (A) accepting, serving in, or performing the duties of any office, post,
: or employment under the government of a foreign state or a political
: subdivision thereof, after attaining the age of eighteen years if he has or
: acquires the nationality of such foreign state; or
在外國政府或政治實體中擔任公職，且取得該國國籍者
: (B) accepting, serving in, or performing the duties of any office, post, or
: employment under the government of a foreign state or a political subdivision
: thereof, after attaining the age of eighteen years for which office, post, or
: employment an oath, affirmation, or declaration of allegiance is required; or
在外國政府或政治實體中擔任公職，且向該國宣示效忠者
: (5) making a formal renunciation of nationality before a diplomatic or
: consular officer of the United States in a foreign state, in such form as may
: be prescribed by the Secretary of State; or
在美國駐外使館或代表處向代表人員宣示放棄者
: (6) making in the United States a formal written renunciation of nationality
: in such form as may be prescribed by, and before such officer as may be
: designated by, the Attorney General, whenever the United States shall be in a
: state of war and the Attorney General shall approve such renunciation as not
: contrary to the interests of national defense; or
向美國發出正式聲明，且經司法部長同意
(下面那一段應該是針對戰爭時軍隊的部分，這裡應該不重要)
: (7) committing any act of treason against, or attempting by force to
: overthrow, or bearing arms against, the United States, violating or
: conspiring to violate any of the provisions of section 2383 of title 18,
: United States Code, or willfully performing any act in violation of section
: 2385 of title 18, United States Code, or violating section 2384 of said title
: by engaging in a conspiracy to overthrow, put down, or to destroy by force
: the Government of the United States, or to levy war against them, if an d
: when he is convicted thereof by a court martial or by a court of competent
: jurisdiction.
意圖或行為對美國進行叛變，推翻或武力攻擊者
: (b) Whenever the loss of United States nationality is put in issue in any
: action or proceeding commenced on or after the enactment of this subsection
: under, or by virtue of, the provisions of this or any other Act, the burden
: shall be upon the person or party claiming that such loss occurred, to
: establish such claim by a preponderance of the evidence. Any person who
: commits or performs, or who has committed or performed, any act of
: expatriation under the provisions of this or any other Act shall be presumed
: to have done so voluntarily, but such presumption may be rebutted upon a
: showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the act or acts committed
: or performed were not done voluntarily.
不論在此法實施之前或之後，任何人員或團體宣告放棄者應提供有力的證明
任何人從事或已經從事本法或其他法規規定之喪失國籍之行為應視為自願
但可提供非自願之證明以推翻
: 要喪失美國國籍，需要同時符合349(a)和349(b)的要件。李慶安已經符合
: 349(a)(4)(A)或349(a)(4)(B)，所以符合第一個要件: 349(a)。
349(a)看起來可能符合(2)或(4)
不過要看立委們宣誓就職的誓詞中有沒有效忠中華民國
另外也要看美國對於在他國任民意代表的認知算不算公職
: 我認為349(b)或許會是本案關鍵，關鍵在於上頭用黃筆和紅筆標起來的部份。
: 而且這裡有個重點，也是紅筆部份所標示，任何一個有做出符合349(a)的行為
: 的人都被"presumed"是出於自願，除非有充分證據顯示該act並非出於自願。
重點恐怕是在要提出Preponderance evidence，也就是有力的證據
目前看起來也許李慶安只有消極的符合條件，卻沒有積極的執行或提供證明
而且該法條第一段即明說"自願且意圖"的情形下才算數
這恐怕要更多的證明才行
: 再看看台灣國籍法第20條:
: 中華民國國民兼具外國國籍者，擬任本條所定應受國籍限制之公職時，應
: 於就 (到) 職前辦理放棄外國國籍，並於就 (到) 職之日起一年內，完成
: 喪失該國國籍及取得證明文件。
: 依據美國INA，除非有充分證據顯示李慶安放棄國籍的動作非出於自願 (例如
: 用美國護照進出美國或其他國家，繳交美國稅款等)，否則李慶安
: 的美國國籍喪失有機會從她擔任公職的那時起成立。當然李慶安需向美方主動take這個
: "burden"，提供充分證據(擔任公職)，使這個國籍喪失被回溯至1994年，
: 也就是她第一次擔任台北市議員那年。
: 台灣的部份，條款規定是兩個要件須同時成立才成立，所以若李慶安於立委就任
: 一年內)(還沒到) 完成國籍喪失的回溯承認且取得美國證明文件，
: 那麼李慶安的所有公職資格或許將可被合法的承認且其立委資格可保留。
這就是問題所在了
1.台灣法令這樣定，解釋上會不會有模糊的空間?
到底是應追溯至1994年李慶安進市議會時未取得喪失美國國籍文件?
還是真的如原po所說取得追溯至1994年喪失美國國籍的文件即可?
2.另一個關鍵點恐怕就是李慶安的美國護照最後一次使用的紀錄?
另外比如繳稅等等的紀錄影響也很大
3.就是前面說的，美國人又怎麼認定公職
政府官員應該沒問題，但民意代表呢?
4.另外，台灣算不算是條文中定義的"政治實體"?
如果不算，那李慶安就是當了總統，一樣不會喪失美國籍
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