Re: The Analysis of Knowledge
※ 引述《popandy (pop)》之銘言：
: Introduction
: Epistemology has been a major branch in western philosophy since
: Descartes established his philosophical system. A significant problem
: in epistemology, a study for knowledge, is what are the conditions
: for one to possess knowledge. In Anglo-American philosophy, it is
: a prominent topic that impressed a number of researcher, as well as me.
: In the following section, I shall sketch out the analysis of knowledge
: in the present day.
: The Analysis of Knowledge
: The objective of the analysis of knowledge is to specify the conditions
: that are separately necessary and jointly sufficient for propositional
: knowledge: knowledge that such-and-such is the case. Propositional knowledge
: is distinctive from two other kinds of knowledge outside the scope of
: the analysis here: knowing a place or a person, and knowing how to do
: something. The concept of knowledge is analyzed commonly in virtue of
: the schema "S knows that p", where "S" refers to the knowing subject,
: and "p" to the known proposition. An analysis is presented in the following
: form: S knows that p if and only if X. X refers to a list of conditions
: that are separately necessary and jointly sufficient. To test whether
: a proposed analysis is correct, we must examine (a) whether every
: possible case in which the conditions are met is a case in which S knows
: that p, and (b) whether every possible case in which S knows that p is
: a case in which each of these conditions is met.
: The traditional analysis, which was once take for a sound one,
: goes as follows:
: S knows that P if and only if (1) P is true,
: (2) S believes that P, and
: (3) S is justified in believing that P.
: Condition (1), the truth condition, receives nearly universal assent.
: It is overwhelmingly clear that what is false cannot be known.
: Condition (2) and (3), though has generated some degree of discussion,
: in principle are accepted.
: Gettier's Problem
: In his short 1963 paper, "Is justified true belief knowledge?",
: Edmund L. Gettier proposed two counterexamples to the traditional
: analysis. In this article, Gettier intends to argue that the three
: sufficient and necessary conditions of knowledge, in the past firmly
: asserted by many, are indeed not sufficient for knowledge. That is to say,
: the three conditions for a proposition P do not logically make it knowledge.
: Gettier demonstrated that to us in the opposite way, that is, 'S knows that P'
: is not the necessary condition for the three statements. (That A is
: the sufficient condition for B is identical with that B is the necessary
: condition for A.) Even though the conditions above are true, S still does
: not know that P. thus, P is exclude from knowledge. He described two cases,
: in which (1), (2) and (3) are true but 'S knows that P' is false, that is,
: S do not know that P.
: In case one, Smith believes and is justified in believing that
: 'The man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket', for the president
: assured him that Jones would get the job and he had just counted the coins
: in Jones's pocket. At last, Smith got the job and, unknown to him, he
: happened to have ten coins in his pocket. So what Smith believes is true,
: but Smith doesn't know it. In case two, the similar situation offers
: the counterexample to argue that 'S knows that P' is false when the
: alleged sufficient conditions is true.
case2跟case1有何不同呢?
看不出來ㄟ
: An Alternative Approach
: Above, we noted that the role of the justification condition is to ensure
: that the analysis does identify as knowledge a belief that is true out of
^^^^
我覺得這裡應該是"does not"
降子跟下一句話比較接的起來
luck.
: The lesson to be learned from the Gettier problem is that the justification
: condition by itself cannot ensure this. Even a justified belief, understood
: as a belief based on good evidence, can be true out of luck. Thus if the
: traditional analysis of knowledge is to exclude all cases in relation
: to luck, it must be amended with a suitable fourth condition, a condition
: that succeeds in the qualification of knowledge.
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◆ From: 218.34.21.61
※ 編輯: kinddog 來自: 218.34.21.61 (10/30 01:17)
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