[討論] 史蒂芬霍金對決定論的討論
史蒂芬霍金在此文中說明，拉普拉斯的決定論觀點是不符合量子力學與廣義相對論的。
我先用google語言選項翻譯了這個連結，我自己再逐句修改翻譯。
我偏好盡量維持原句的語序以方便中英對照閱讀，我會加字在[]括號中以便利通順理解。
must have seemed..表示對過去的推測，簡略翻譯成＂似乎＂。
我無法完成改正翻譯，改正的終點用----表示。
http://www.hawking.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=
64&Itemid=66
This lecture is about whether we can predict the future, or whether it is
arbitrary and random. 這個講座是關於我們是否能預測未來，抑或是無常的和隨機的。
In ancient times, the world must have seemed pretty arbitrary. 在古代，世界
看似相當地無常。 Disasters such as floods or diseases must have seemed to
happen without warning, or apparent reason. 災害，如洪水或疾病，似乎無任何警告
地或明顯的理由地發生了。 Primitive people attributed such natural phenomena,
to a pantheon of gods and goddesses, who behaved in a capricious and whimsical
way.原始人將這種自然現象歸因於在萬神殿的眾神和眾女神，表現得反覆無常和異想天開
。 There was no way to predict what they would do, and the only hope was to win
favour by gifts or actions. 沒有辦法可以預測他們會做的事，唯一的希望是以禮物與
行動贏得[眾神]的喜悅。 Many people still partially subscribe to this belief,
and try to make a pact with fortune. 許多人仍偏剖地贊同這一信念，並努力與命運達成協議。 They offer to do certain things, if only
they can get an A-grade for a course, or pass their driving test. 他們願意做
某些事情，只要他們能在某課程得到A的成績，或通過他們的駕照考試。
Gradually however, people must have noticed certain regularities in the
behaviour of nature. 然而逐漸地，人們發現了自然界行為的規律。 These
regularities were most obvious, in the motion of the heavenly bodies across
the sky. 這些規律是最明顯的就是在跨越天空的天體運動。 So astronomy was the
first science to be developed. 因此，天文學是第一個被發展的科學。 It was put
on a firm mathematical basis by Newton, more than 300 years ago, and we still
use his theory of gravity to predict the motion of almost all celestial bodies. 這
300多年以前就由牛頓把[天文學]建立在堅實的數學基礎上，我們[現在]仍然使用他的
引力理論來預測幾乎所有天體的運動。 Following the example of astronomy, it was
found that other natural phenomena also obeyed definite scientific laws. 依循著
天文學的例子，其他自然現象也被發現遵循著明確的科學定露。 This led to the idea
of scientific determinism, which seems first to have been publicly expressed by
the French scientist, Laplace. 這導致了科學決定論的思想，似乎已經第一次地由公開
地由法國科學家拉普拉斯所發表。 I thought I would like to quote you Laplace's
actual words, so I asked a friend to track them down. 我想我喜歡引用，你，拉普
拉斯的真正的話語，所以我問一個朋友來追蹤他們[這些話]。 They are in French of
course, not that I expect that would be any problem with this audience. 他們
[這些話]當然是法文，我並不期待這群觀眾會對此[這些話是法文]有所疑問。 But the
trouble is, Laplace was rather like Prewst, in that he wrote sentences of
inordinate length and complexity. 但麻煩的是，拉普拉斯很像Prewst ，他以超過
正常程度的長度與複雜方式來寫下句子。 So I have decided to para-phrase the
quotation. 所以我決定以同義語來表達這引句。 In effect what he said was, that if
at one time, we knew the positions and speeds of all the particles in the
universe, then we could calculate their behaviour at any other time, in the
past or future. 他所說的話等效於，如果在某一時間，我們知道所有的粒子在宇宙中的
位置與速度，那麼我們可以計算出他們在其他任何時間的行為[運動學的細節]，不論在
過去或將來[都是可行的]。 There is a probably apocryphal story, that when
Laplace was asked by Napoleon, how God fitted into this system, he replied,
'Sire, I have not needed that hypothesis.' 有一個或許未經證實的故事，當拿破崙問
拉普拉斯，上帝如何安身於此系統，他回答說， '陛下，我不需要這個假設。 I don't
think that Laplace was claiming that God didn't exist. 我不認為拉普拉斯聲稱，
上帝並不存在。 It is just that He doesn't intervene, to break the laws of
Science. 只是祂並不干預以破壞科學定律。 That must be the position of every
scientist. 這應該是每一個科學家的立場。 A scientific law, is not a scientific
law, if it only holds when some supernatural being, decides to let things run,
and not intervene. 一個科學定律，如果只在某個超自然存在者，決定讓事情運作而不
干預時才成立，這個[科學定律]就不成立了。
The idea that the state of the universe at one time determines the state at
all other times, has been a central tenet of science, ever since Laplace's
time. ＂某時候的宇宙狀態，決定了所有其他時間狀態的[宇宙狀態]＂的想法，已變成了
一個科學的核心信條，自從拉普拉斯時代就已經[是如此了]。 It implies that we can
predict the future, in principle at least. 這意味著，我們可以預測未來，至少原則
上[是可以的]。 In practice, however, our ability to predict the future is
severely limited by the complexity of the equations, and the fact that they
often have a property called chaos. 然而，實際上，我們預測未來的能力是嚴重地
被眾方程式的複雜性，以及他們通常被稱為＂混沌＂的特質所限制。 As those who have
seen Jurassic Park will know, this means a tiny disturbance in one place, can
cause a major change in another. 看過[電影]侏羅紀公園的人都知道，這意味著在某
處的微小擾動，可以導致另外[一處]的重大改變。 A butterfly flapping its wings can
cause rain in Central Park, New York. 蝴蝶拍打翅膀可能會導致紐約的中央公園下雨
。 The trouble is, it is not repeatable. 麻煩的是，它[混沌]不是可重複的。 The
next time the butterfly flaps its wings, a host of other things will be
different, which will also influence the weather. 下一次的蝴蝶瓣翅膀時，許多其
他事情的主角會有所不同，這也將影響天氣。 That is why weather forecasts are so
unreliable. 這就是為什麼氣象預報是如此不可靠的。
Despite these practical difficulties, scientific determinism, remained the
official dogma throughout the 19th century. 儘管有這些實際困難，科學決定論，仍
然是歷經整個19世紀的官方教條。 However, in the 20th century, there have been
two developments that show that Laplace's vision, of a complete prediction of
the future, can not be realised. 然而，在20世紀，有兩個發展，顯示拉普拉斯完整
預測未來的理想，不能得以實現。 The first of these developments was what is
called, quantum mechanics. 眾多發展之一的第一項，就是所謂的＂量子力學＂。 This
was first put forward in 1900, by the German physicist, Max Planck, as an ad
hoc hypothesis, to solve an outstanding paradox. 這是第一次提出了在1900年，由
德國物理學家馬克斯普朗克，作為一個特設的假設，以解決重大的矛盾。 According to
the classical 19th century ideas, dating back to Laplace, a hot body, like a
piece of red hot metal, should give off radiation. 根據19世紀的古典思想，可以
追溯到拉普拉斯，一個[帶有]熱的物體，如同一片紅熱的金屬，應當發出輻射。
It would lose energy in radio waves, infra red, visible light, ultra violet,
x-rays, and gamma rays, all at the same rate. 它會失去能量，[化為]無線電波，
紅外線，可見光，紫外線， X射線和伽瑪射線，全部[波段]的[輻射]都同樣的產率[發出]
。 Not only would this mean that we would all die of skin cancer, but also
everything in the universe would be at the same temperature, which clearly it
isn't. 這不僅意味著我們全都應該死於皮膚癌，而且全宇宙都還在相同溫度下，顯然
事實並非如此。 However, Planck showed one could avoid this disaster, if one
gave up the idea that the amount of radiation could have just any value, and
said instead that radiation came only in packets or quanta of a certain size.
然而，普朗克發現一個能夠避免這場災難[的因素]，如果某人放棄了＂輻射的量可以有
'任何量值'的想法，相反地輻射只能以小包裹，或是特定量值的量子產生。 It is a bit
like saying that you can't buy sugar loose in the supermarket, but only in
kilogram bags. 這是一個有點像說，你在超市不可以買鬆散[沒有包裝]的砂糖，只能[買]
以公斤[為單位的]袋子[的砂糖]。 The energy in the packets or quanta, is higher
for ultra violet and x-rays, than for infra red or visible light. 在小包裹或是
量子中的能量，是比紫外線和X射線，比紅外線或可見光[的能量]更高的。 This means
that unless a body is very hot, like the Sun, it will not have enough energy,
to give off even a single quantum of ultra violet or x-rays. 這意味著，除非物體
像太陽[那樣]非常熱，它不會有足夠的能源，發出甚至單一的量子的紫外線或X射線。
That is why we don't get sunburn from a cup of coffee. 這就是為什麼我們
不會被一杯咖啡曬傷。
Planck regarded the idea of quanta, as just a mathematical trick, and not as
having any physical reality, whatever that might mean. 普朗克把量子概念當作只是
一種數學技巧，而不具有任何物理的事實，無論它[量子概念]可能指什麼。 However,
physicists began to find other behaviour, that could be explained only in terms
of quantities having discrete, or quantised values, rather than continuously
variable ones. 然而，物理學家開始發現其他的行為只能用離散或量子化數值的量值才
可以被解釋，而不能用連續數值[來理解]。 For example, it was found that
elementary particles behaved rather like little tops, spinning about an axis.
例如，有人發現，基本粒子的行為，像繞著一個軸旋轉的陀螺。 But the amount of
spin couldn't have just any value. 但自旋的量值不能是任意數值。 It had to be
some multiple of a basic unit. 它必須是一個基本單位的整數倍。 Because this unit
is very small, one does not notice that a normal top really slows down in a
rapid sequence of discrete steps, rather than as a continuous process. 由於這
個單位是非常小的，一個人無法發現一個普通的陀螺實際上以離散步驟的序列急速慢下來
，而不是以連續過程慢下來。 But for tops as small as atoms, the discrete nature
of spin is very important. 但是，很小的陀螺如原子，離散的自旋性質是非常重要
的。
It was some time before people realised the implications of this quantum
behaviour for determinism. 在人類理解到量子行為具有對於決定論的隱含意義以前，
花了好些時間。 It was not until 1926, that Werner Heisenberg, another German
physicist, pointed out that you couldn't measure both the position, and the
speed, of a particle exactly. 直到1926年，沃納海森堡，另一位德國物理學家指出，
你不能同時準確地測量粒子的位置與速度。 To see where a particle is, one has to
shine light on it. 要看到哪裡有粒子，某人必須[在這粒子上]照光。 But by Planck's
work, one can't use an arbitrarily small amount of light. 但是，依照普朗克的
著作，不能任意使用少量的光。 One has to use at least one quantum. 一個人必須
至少使用一種量子。 This will disturb the particle, and change its speed in a
way that can't be predicted. 這將擾亂粒子，並改變其速度的方式，無法預測。 To
measure the position of the particle accurately, you will have to use light of
short wave length, like ultra violet, x-rays, or gamma rays. 為了準確地測量
粒子的位置，你將不得不使用短波長的光，如紫外線， X射線或伽瑪射線。 But again,
by Planck's work, quanta of these forms of light have higher energies than
those of visible light. 但是，再度根據普朗克的作品，這些形式的光的量子具有
比可見光更高的能量。 So they will disturb the speed of the particle more.
因此，他們會更多地擾動粒子的速度。 It is a no win situation: the more
accurately you try to measure the position of the particle, the less accurately
you can know the speed, and vice versa. 這是一個沒有[全盤]勝利的局面：更準確
地嘗試測量的顆粒的位置，那麼你就更不準確地知道速度，反之亦然。 This is summed
up in the Uncertainty Principle that Heisenberg formulated; the uncertainty in
the position of a particle, times the uncertainty in its speed, is always
greater than a quantity called Planck's constant, divided by the mass of the
particle. 這就總結於海森堡擬定的測不準原理，粒子的不確定度乘以速度的不確定杜
永遠大於被稱為普朗克常數的數值除以粒子的質量。
Laplace's vision, of scientific determinism, involved knowing the positions
and speeds of the particles in the universe, at one instant of time. 拉普拉斯
的科學決定論的理想，涉及知道宇宙中粒子的位置和速度，在一個瞬間的時間。 So it
was seriously undermined by Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle. 因此，它
[科學決定論]嚴重地被海森堡的測不准原理破壞了。 How could one predict the future
, when one could not measure accurately both the positions, and the speeds, of
particles at the present time? 當一個人不能準確地同時測量現在這個時刻的粒子的
位置和速度，怎麼能預測未來呢？ No matter how powerful a computer you have, if
you put lousy data in, you will get lousy predictions out. 無論你有多麼強大的
計算機，如果你輸入糟糕的數據，你就會得到糟糕的預測了。
Einstein was very unhappy about this apparent randomness in nature. 愛因斯坦
對這種自然界明顯的隨機性的性質十分不滿。 His views were summed up in his famous
phrase, 'God does not play dice'. 他的一句名言概括了他的觀點：＂上帝不擲骰子。
＂ He seemed to have felt that the uncertainty was only provisional: but
that there was an underlying reality, in which particles would have well
defined positions and speeds, and would evolve according to deterministic
laws, in the spirit of Laplace. 他似乎認為，不確定性只是臨時性的：但有一個基本
事實：這種粒子有明確的位置和速度，並根據決定論的定律來演變精神，依照拉普拉斯
的精神。 This reality might be known to God, but the quantum nature of light
would prevent us seeing it, except through a glass darkly. 這一現實可能會被上帝
知曉，但量子性質的光會妨礙我們看到它，除非黑暗地通過一片玻璃[事實上不可能的]。
Einstein's view was what would now be called, a hidden variable theory. 愛因斯
坦的看法現在被稱為＂隱藏變量＂理論。 Hidden variable theories might
seem to be the most obvious way to incorporate the Uncertainty Principle into
physics. 隱藏變量理論似乎是最明顯的辦法，把測不準原理併入物理學。 They form the
basis of the mental picture of the universe, held by many scientists, and
almost all philosophers of science. 它們形成了宇宙的心智的圖像，許多科學家與
幾乎所有的科學哲學家抱持[此一觀點]。 But these hidden variable theories are
wrong. 但是，這些隱藏的變量理論是錯誤的。 The British physicist, John Bell,
who died recently, devised an experimental test that would distinguish hidden
variable theories. 最近去世的英國物理學家約翰貝爾，設計了一個實驗性測試，來
區分隱藏變量理論。 When the experiment was carried out carefully, the results
were inconsistent with hidden variables. 此實驗地仔細進行，結果並不符合隱藏變
量。 Thus it seems that even God is bound by the Uncertainty Principle, and
can not know both the position, and the speed, of a particle. 因此看來，即使是
上帝也被不確定性原理約束，也不能同時知道一個粒子的位置與速度。 So God does play
dice with the universe. 因此，上帝跟這個宇宙玩擲骰子的遊戲。 All the evidence
points to him being an inveterate gambler, who throws the dice on every
possible occasion. 所有的證據表明祂[上帝]是一個根深蒂固的賭徒，在每一個可能
情境下擲骰子。
Other scientists were much more ready than Einstein to modify the classical
19th century view of determinism. 其他科學家比愛因斯坦更加準備好，要修改19世紀
古典的決定論(宿命論)觀點。 A new theory, called quantum mechanics, was put
forward by Heisenberg, the Austrian, Erwin Schroedinger, and the British
physicist, Paul Dirac. 一種新的理論，被稱為量子力學，由海森堡與奧地利人埃爾溫
水丁格，英國物理學家保羅狄拉克所提出。 Dirac was my predecessor but one, as the
Lucasian Professor in Cambridge. 狄拉克是除了我[筆者霍金]以外的唯一的前任
劍橋盧卡斯教授。 Although quantum mechanics has been around for nearly 70
years, it is still not generally understood or appreciated, even by those that
use it to do calculations. 儘管量子力學已經存在將近70年，但它仍然不被普遍的
理解或讚賞，即使是那些使用它做計算的人。 Yet it should concern us all, because
it is a completely different picture of the physical universe, and of reality
itself. 然而，它應該與我們所有人有關聯，因為它是一個完全不同的的宇宙物理圖像
以及現實本身[的圖像]。 In quantum mechanics, particles don't have well defined
positions and speeds. 在量子力學中，粒子沒有定義良好的的位置和速度。 Instead,
they are represented by what is called a wave function. 相反，他們由所謂的
波函數來呈現。 This is a number at each point of space. 這(波函數)是空間中每一
點都有的數值。 The size of the wave function gives the probability that the
particle will be found in that position. 波函數的大小給定此粒子將在此位置被發現
的機率。 The rate, at which the wave function varies from point to point, gives
the speed of the particle. 這波函數由此位置到另一位置的變化率，給定了此粒子的
速度。 One can have a wave function that is very strongly peaked in a small
region.某狀況下，可以有一個在某小區域中極強烈峰值的波函數。 This will mean that
the uncertainty in the position is small. 這將意味著位置的不確定性是小的。 But
the wave function will vary very rapidly near the peak, up on one side, and
down on the other. 但是，波函數會在[波函數的]高峰附近變化得很快，在一邊上升，
在另一邊下降。 Thus the uncertainty in the speed will be large. 因此速度的
不確定性會很大。 Similarly, one can have wave functions where the uncertainty
in the speed is small, but the uncertainty in the position is large. 同樣，
波函數的速度不確定性可以很小，但位置不確定性很大。
The wave function contains all that one can know of the particle, both its
position, and its speed. 波函數包含了所有能夠從粒子知道的[資訊]，它的位置，與
它的速度。 If you know the wave function at one time, then its values at other
times are determined by what is called the Schroedinger equation. 如果你知道在
某一時間的波函數，然後它的數值在其他時候是由所謂的水丁格方程式所決定。 Thus one
still has a kind of determinism, but it is not the sort that Laplace envisaged.
因此仍然有某一種決定論，但它不是拉普拉斯設想的那種。 Instead of being able to
predict the positions and speeds of particles, all we can predict is the wave
function. 我們所有可以預測的，是波函數，而不是粒子的位置與速度。 This means
that we can predict just half what we could, according to the classical 19th
century view. 這意味著，我們只可以預測＂按照19世紀的古典看法[所定義的]＂的一半
。
Although quantum mechanics leads to uncertainty, when we try to predict both
the position and the speed, it still allows us to predict, with certainty,
one combination of position and speed. 雖然量子力學導致＂當我們試圖同時預測的
位置和速度＂時的不確定性，但它仍然使我們能夠很確定地預測，一種位置和速度的結
合。 However, even this degree of certainty, seems to be threatened by more
recent developments. 然而，即使這種程度的確定性，似乎是受到最近的事態發展。
The problem arises because gravity can warp space-time so much, that there
can be regions that we don't observe. 這個問題是因為重力可以彎曲的時空這麼多，
而仍有區域是我們沒有觀察到的。
Interestingly enough, Laplace himself wrote a paper in 1799 on how some stars
could have a gravitational field so strong that light could not escape, but
would be dragged back onto the star. 有趣的是，拉普拉斯本人在1799年寫了一份論
文，說明一些星體可能有如此強大的引力場，以致於光無法逃脫，將被拖入此星體。
He even calculated that a star of the same density as the Sun, but two
hundred and fifty times the size, would have this property. 他甚至計算出
有太陽250倍尺寸的星體，將具有此性質。 But although Laplace may not have
realised it, the same idea had been put forward 16 years earlier by a Cambridge
man, John Mitchell, in a paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society. 但是，儘管拉普拉斯可能沒有意識到它，同樣的想法在16年前由劍橋大學
的成員，約翰米切爾，在一個哲學學報皇家學會的論文中提出了。 Both Mitchell and
Laplace thought of light as consisting of particles, rather like cannon balls,
that could be slowed down by gravity, and made to fall back on the star. 這米切爾和
拉普拉斯認為光是由的粒子組成的(而不是像砲彈)可以被引力減緩，並掉落回此星體。
But a famous experiment, carried out by two Americans, Michelson and Morley
in 1887, showed that light always travelled at a speed of one hundred and
eighty six thousand miles a second, no matter where it came from. 但是，一個著
名的實驗，由2名美國人，邁克爾遜和莫雷於1887年進行的，顯示，光總是以秒速三十萬
公里行進，不管它是從哪裡來的。 How then could gravity slow down light, and make
it fall back. 那麼，重力怎麼可能減慢光子，並使之回落。
This was impossible, according to the then accepted ideas of space and time.
根據當時所接受的空間和時間概念，這是不可能的。 But in 1915, Einstein put
forward his revolutionary General Theory of Relativity. 但是，在1915年，愛因斯
坦提出他的革命性的廣義相對論。 In this, space and time were no longer
separate and independent entities. 在這方面，空間和時間不再是單獨的和獨立的實
體。 Instead, they were just different directions in a single object called
space-time. 相反，他們只是在一個單一的對象，所謂的時空中，的不同面向而已。 This
space-time was not flat, but was warped and curved by the matter and energy
in it. 這時空並不平坦，而是被其中的物質與能量所變形與扭曲。 In order to
understand this, considered a sheet of rubber, with a weight placed on it, to
represent a star. 為了了解這一點，考慮一片橡膠，與其上的重量放在，以代表星體。 The
weight will form a depression in the rubber, and will cause the sheet near
the star to be curved, rather than flat. 重量將造成橡膠的扭曲，將導致星體附近的
片段是彎曲的，而不是平坦的。 If one now rolls marbles on the rubber sheet,
their paths will be curved, rather than being straight lines. 如果某人現在在
膠板上推出彈珠，其路徑將彎曲的，而不是直線。 In 1919, a British expedition to
West Africa, looked at light from distant stars, that passed near the Sun
during an eclipse. 1919年，一名英國探險西非，看著來自遙遠的恆星的光在月食時通過
太陽附近。 They found that the images of the stars were shifted slightly from
their normal positions. 他們發現，在星體的影像變動略高於其正常位置。 This
indicated that the paths of the light from the stars had been bent by the
curved space-time near the Sun. 這表明來自星體的光的路徑，已經被太陽附近的時空
彎曲了。 General Relativity was confirmed. 廣義相對論得到了確認。
Consider now placing heavier and heavier, and more and more concentrated
weights on the rubber sheet. 現在考慮把越來越重且集中的重量放在膠板上。
They will depress the sheet more and more. 他們將越來越壓低膠板。 Eventually,
at a critical weight and size, they will make a bottomless hole in the sheet,
which particles can fall into, but nothing can get out of. 最後，在一個關鍵的
重量和大小，他們將造成膠板中有一個無底的洞，粒子可以落入，但沒有任何東西可以
從中擺脫。
What happens in space-time according to General Relativity is rather similar.
根據廣義相對論，所發生在時空的事情，是相當類似的。 A star will curve and
distort the space-time near it, more and more, the more massive and more
compact the star is. 星體將彎曲且扭轉附近的時空，越來越強地，星體變得更重且
緊湊。 If a massive star, which has burnt up its nuclear fuel, cools and shrinks
below a critical size, it will quite literally make a bottomless hole in
space-time, that light can't get out of. 如果一個很重的星體，燒毀盡了核燃料，
在關鍵尺寸冷卻和收縮，就會字面地變成一個時空中的無底洞，光無法從中擺脫。 Such
objects were given the name Black Holes, by the American physicist John Wheeler
, who was one of the first to recognise their importance, and the problems they
pose. 這些物體被定名為黑洞，由美國物理學家約翰惠勒第一個認可其重要性，以及它們
所引起的問題。 The name caught on quickly. 這名稱迅速地流行了。 To Americans,
it suggested something dark and mysterious, while to the British, there was the
added resonance of the Black Hole of Calcutta. 對美國人而言，它表示黑暗和神秘
的事物，而英國人而言，還有額外的＂加爾各答共振黑洞＂。 But the French, being
French, saw a more risque meaning.但是對作為法國人的法國人而言，他們看到一個
更淫穢的意義。 For years, they resisted the name, trou noir, claiming it was
obscene. 多年來，他們抵制"trou noir"[黑洞的法文]的名稱，聲稱這是可憎的。 But
that was a bit like trying to stand against le weekend, and other franglais.
但是，這有點像試圖，抵制"le weekend"[中的英文字weekend]，和其他[來自非法語的]
法文字一樣。 In the end, they had to give in. Who can resist a name that is
such a winner? 最後，他們不得不退讓。誰可以抗拒如此作為贏家的一個名稱？
We now have observations that point to black holes in a number of objects,
from binary star systems, to the centre of galaxies. 我們現在觀察到，一些指向
黑洞的物體，來自雙星系統至於該中心的星系。 So it is now generally accepted
that black holes exist. 所以，現在人們普遍認為黑洞存在。 But, apart from
their potential for science fiction, what is their significance for
determinism. 但是，除了它們作為科幻小說的潛力，他們對決定論有什麼重大的意義。
The answer lies in a bumper sticker that I used to have on the door of my
office: Black Holes are Out of Sight. 答案就在於在一個我曾經貼在我的辦公室門上
的小標語：黑洞的無法被看見的。 Not only do the particles and unlucky astronauts
that fall into a black hole, never come out again, but also the information
that they carry, is lost forever, at least from our region of the universe.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
不僅粒子和宇航員的不幸落入一個黑洞，永遠不會再出來，而且還的信息，他們攜帶，而且永遠失去了，至少
從我們區域的宇宙。 You can throw television sets, diamond rings, or even your
worst enemies into a black hole, and all the black hole will remember, is the
total mass, and the state of rotation. 你可以扔電視機，鑽石戒指，甚至你最壞的
敵人變成了一個黑洞，所有的黑洞會記得，是總質量，國家的輪換。 John Wheeler
called this, 'A Black Hole Has No Hair.' 約翰惠勒這種現象稱之為'黑洞沒有頭髮。
To the French, this just confirmed their suspicions. 法國，這只是證實他們的懷
疑。
As long as it was thought that black holes would continue to exist forever,
this loss of information didn't seem to matter too much. 只要人們認為黑洞將繼
續存在永遠，這一損失的信息似乎並沒有太多問題。 One could say that the
information still existed inside the black hole. 人們可以說，信息內部仍然存在
著黑洞。 It is just that one can't tell what it is, from the outside. 這只是
一個不能告訴是什麼，從外面。 However, the situation changed, when I
discovered that black holes aren't completely black. 然而，形勢的變化，當我發
現，黑洞並不完全黑色。 Quantum mechanics causes them to send out particles
and radiation at a steady rate. 量子力學使它們發出粒子和輻射以穩定的速度。
This result came as a total surprise to me, and everyone else. 這一結果是一個
總讓我吃驚，和其他人。 But with hindsight, it should have been obvious. 但是回
過頭來看，本來應該是很明顯。 What we think of as empty space is not really
empty, but it is filled with pairs of particles and anti particles. 我們認為是
空不是真的空，但它是充滿了對粒子和反粒子。 These appear together at some
point of space and time, move apart, and then come together and annihilate
each other. 這些一起出現在某一時刻的空間和時間，移動分離，然後走到一起，殲滅對
方。 These particles and anti particles occur because a field, such as the
fields that carry light and gravity, can't be exactly zero. 這些粒子和反粒子的
發生原因，是因為外地，如領域，攜帶輕和嚴重性，不能完全為零。 That would mean
that the value of the field, would have both an exact position (at zero), and
an exact speed or rate of change (also zero). 這將意味著價值的領域，將有一個確
切位置（零） ，以及確切的速度或變化率（也零） 。 This would be against the
Uncertainty Principle, just as a particle can't have both an exact position,
and an exact speed. 這將是對不確定性原理，正如粒子不能既是一個確切位置，並準確
速度。 So all fields must have what are called, vacuum fluctuations. 因此，各
個領域必須有所謂，真空波動。 Because of the quantum behaviour of nature, one
can interpret these vacuum fluctuations, in terms of particles and anti
particles, as I have described. 由於量子行為的性質，人們可以解釋這些真空波動，
從粒子和反粒子，正如我所描述的。
These pairs of particles occur for all varieties of elementary particles. 對這
些粒子發生的所有品種的基本粒子。 They are called virtual particles, because
they occur even in the vacuum, and they can't be directly measured by
particle detectors. 他們被稱為虛擬粒子，因為他們甚至在出現的真空，他們不能直接
衡量的粒子探測器。 However, the indirect effects of virtual particles, or
vacuum fluctuations, have been observed in a number of experiments, and their
existence confirmed. 但是，間接影響的虛擬粒子，或真空波動，已經觀察到了一些實
驗，證實其存在。
If there is a black hole around, one member of a particle anti particle pair
may fall into the hole, leaving the other member without a partner, with
which to annihilate. 如果有一個黑洞附近，一名粒子反粒子對可能落入黑洞，讓其他
成員沒有一個合作夥伴，與它消滅。 The forsaken particle may fall into the hole
as well, but it may also escape to a large distance from the hole, where it
will become a real particle, that can be measured by a particle detector. 被遺
棄的粒子可能落入黑洞以及，但也可能逃到一個大距離的洞，在那裡將成為一個真正的粒
子，可衡量的粒子探測器。 To someone a long way from the black hole, it will
appear to have been emitted by the hole. 某人很長的路要走黑洞，它將似乎已經發
出了該洞。
This explanation of how black holes ain't so black, makes it clear that the
emission will depend on the size of the black hole, and the rate at which it
is rotating. 這如何解釋黑洞並非如此黑色，清楚地表明，排放量將取決於大小的黑洞
，而且利率在它旋轉。 But because black holes have no hair, in Wheeler's
phrase, the radiation will be otherwise independent of what went into the
hole. 但是，由於黑洞沒有頭髮，在惠勒的短語，將輻射無關的其他什麼進入了該洞。
It doesn't matter whether you throw television sets, diamond rings, or your
worst enemies, into a black hole. 不管你扔電視機，鑽石戒指，或者你最壞的敵人，
成為一個黑洞。 What comes back out will be the same. 什麼回來了是相同的。
So what has all this to do with determinism, which is what this lecture is
supposed to be about. 那麼，這一切已經跟決定，這是這個講座是應該的。 What it
shows is that there are many initial states, containing television sets,
diamond rings, and even people, that evolve to the same final state, at least
outside the black hole. 它表明，有許多初始狀態，其中載有電視機，鑽石戒指，甚至
人民，不斷改進，以相同的最終狀態，至少在外面的黑洞。 But in Laplace's picture
of determinism, there was a one to one correspondence between initial states,
and final states. 但是，在拉普拉斯的圖片的決定，有一個12時59對應關係初始狀態，
最終狀態。 If you knew the state of the universe at some time in the past,
you could predict it in the future. 如果你知道國家的宇宙在一段時間過去，你可以
預測，在未來。 Similarly, if you knew it in the future, you could calculate
what it must have been in the past. 同樣地，如果您知道它在將來，你可以計算出它
必須是在過去。 The advent of quantum theory in the 1920s reduced the amount
one could predict by half, but it still left a one to one correspondence
between the states of the universe at different times. 的到來量子理論在20世紀
20年代減少了一個可以預測的一半，但仍留下了12點五十九分之間的對應狀態的宇宙在不
同的時間。 If one knew the wave function at one time, one could calculate it
at any other time. 如果有人知道波函數在同一時間，可以計算出它在其他任何時間。
With black holes, however, the situation is rather different. 隨著黑洞，然而，
情況頗為不同。 One will end up with the same state outside the hole, whatever
one threw in, provided it has the same mass. 一位最終將同美國以外的洞，無論是
扔在，只要它具有相同的質量。 Thus there is not a one to one correspondence
between the initial state, and the final state outside the black hole. 因此，
不存在12時59分之間的對應初始狀態，最終狀態之外的黑洞。 There will be a one to
one correspondence between the initial state, and the final state both
outside, and inside, the black hole. 將有十二時59分之間的對應初始狀態，最終狀
態內外，以及內部的黑洞。 But the important point is that the emission of
particles, and radiation by the black hole, will cause the hole to lose mass,
and get smaller. 但是，重要的一點是，排放的顆粒，並輻射的黑洞，將導致洞失去群
眾，並獲得較小。 Eventually, it seems the black hole will get down to zero
mass, and will disappear altogether. 最後，似乎黑洞會下降到零的質量，並會完全
消失。 What then will happen to all the objects that fell into the hole, and
all the people that either jumped in, or were pushed? 那麼會發生的所有物體落入
黑洞，所有的人，要么漲，或被推？ They can't come out again, because there
isn't enough mass or energy left in the black hole, to send them out again. 他
們不能再出來，因為沒有足夠的質量或能量留在黑洞，送他們出來。 They may pass
into another universe, but that is not something that will make any
difference, to those of us prudent enough not to jump into a black hole. 他們
可以進入另一個宇宙，但並不是將任何區別，對我們這些沒有足夠的謹慎跳入黑洞。
Even the information, about what fell into the hole, could not come out
again when the hole finally disappears. 即使是信息，如何落入黑洞，無法再出來時
，黑洞最終消失。 Information can not be carried free, as those of you with
phone bills will know. 信息不能進行自由，因為這些你的電話帳單會知道。
Information requires energy to carry it, and there won't be enough energy
left when the black hole disappears. 能源信息需要攜帶它，就不會有足夠的能量時
留下的黑洞消失了。
What all this means is, that information will be lost from our region of the
universe, when black holes are formed, and then evaporate. 什麼所有這意味著，
該信息將丟失從我們區域的宇宙時，黑洞的形成，然後消失。 This loss of
information will mean that we can predict even less than we thought, on the
basis of quantum theory. 這項損失的信息將意味著我們可以預測甚至更少比我們想像
的基礎上，量子理論。 In quantum theory, one may not be able to predict with
certainty, both the position, and the speed of a particle. 在量子理論，一個可
能無法預測的確定性，雙方的立場和速度的粒子。 But there is still one
combination of position and speed that can be predicted. 但仍然有一個組合的位
置和速度，可預測。 In the case of a black hole, this definite prediction
involves both members of a particle pair. 如果一個黑洞，這一明確的預測既涉及成
員的粒子對。 But we can measure only the particle that comes out. 但是，我們不
能只衡量微粒出來。 There's no way even in principle that we can measure the
particle that falls into the hole. 有沒有辦法即使在原則上，我們可以衡量微粒落
入洞。 So, for all we can tell, it could be in any state. 所以，我們都可以告訴
，也可以在任何狀態。 This means we can not make any definite prediction,
about the particle that escapes from the hole. 這意味著我們不能作出任何明確的
預測，對粒子的逃離了該洞。 We can calculate the probability that the particle
has this or that position, or speed. 我們可以計算概率的粒子有這樣或那樣的立場
，或速度。 But there's no combination of the position and speed of just one
particle that we can definitely predict, because the speed and position will
depend on the other particle, which we don't observe. 但目前還沒有組合的位置和
速度的粒子只有一個，我們一定能夠預測，由於速度和立場將取決於其他粒子，我們不遵
守。 Thus it seems Einstein was doubly wrong when he said, God does not play
dice. 因此，它似乎愛因斯坦是雙重錯誤時，他說，上帝不擲骰子發揮。 Not only
does God definitely play dice, but He sometimes confuses us by throwing them
where they can't be seen. 不僅上帝一定骰子，但他有時會混淆我們扔在那裡他們不能
被發現。
Many scientists are like Einstein, in that they have a deep emotional
attachment to determinism. 許多科學家愛因斯坦一樣，因為它們有著深厚的感情來決
定。 Unlike Einstein, they have accepted the reduction in our ability to
predict, that quantum theory brought about. 與愛因斯坦，他們已接受了削減我們的
能力來預測，即量子理論帶來了。 But that was far enough. 但是，這遠遠不夠。
They didn't like the further reduction, which black holes seemed to imply. 他
們不喜歡的進一步減少，其中的黑洞似乎暗示。 They have therefore claimed that
information is not really lost down black holes. 因此，他們聲稱，信息是沒有真
正失去了黑洞。 But they have not managed to find any mechanism that would
return the information. 但他們還沒有找到任何機制，將傳回的信息。 It is just a
pious hope that the universe is deterministic, in the way that Laplace
thought. 這僅僅是一個虔誠的希望，宇宙是確定性，在方式，拉普拉斯思想。 I feel
these scientists have not learnt the lesson of history. 我覺得這些科學家還沒有
學到教訓的歷史。 The universe does not behave according to our pre-conceived
ideas. 宇宙不行為根據我們預先設想的想法。 It continues to surprise us. 它仍然
使我們感到驚訝。
One might not think it mattered very much, if determinism broke down near
black holes. 人們可能認為這不是非常重要，如果決定打破附近的黑洞。 We are
almost certainly at least a few light years, from a black hole of any size. 我
--
上月球!月球是中國人吳剛不可分割的一部分
抓嫦娥!此女意圖分裂中國領土脫離中國掌握
殺玉兔!玉兔為資產階級之玩物!日帝之玩偶!
--
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※ 編輯: Geigemachen 來自: 118.168.161.168 (01/05 06:59)
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