[情報] Nature 也寫了有關葉詩文用藥與否的文章
這個是全世界公信力最高的科學雜誌
簡單翻一下
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為什麼奧林匹克的功勳引起懷疑
多快是太快? XDDDD
文章提出四大問題
1.葉的表現異常嗎?
是. (文章內的解釋不翻，記者要自己做功課XDDDD)
2.藥物測試通過 排除了用藥的可能?
否
3. 如何用選手的表現來抓用藥者?
要建立選手表現的數據庫 血液的資料庫 定期追蹤
4. 然後運動員是否會因為表現太好而被處罰?
那是一個需要被驗證的問題
http://www.nature.com/news/why-great-olympic-feats-raise-suspicions-1.11109
Why great Olympic feats raise suspicions
'Performance profiling' could help to catch cheaters in sport.
Ewen Callaway
01 August 2012
At the Olympics, how fast is too fast? That question has dogged Chinese
swimmer Ye Shiwen after the 16-year-old shattered the world record in the
women's 400-metre individual medley (400 IM) on Saturday. In the wake of that
race, some swimming experts wondered whether Ye’s win was aided by
performance-enhancing drugs. She has never tested positive for a banned
substance and the International Olympic Committee on Tuesday declared that
her post-race test was clean. The resulting debate has been tinged with
racial and political undertones, but little science. Nature examines whether
and how an athlete's performance history and the limits of human physiology
could be used to catch dopers.
Was Ye’s performance anomalous?
Yes. Her time in the 400 IM was more than 7 seconds faster than her time in
the same event at a major meet in July. But what really raised eyebrows was
her showing in the last 50 metres, which she swam faster than US swimmer Ryan
Lochte did when he won gold in the men’s 400 IM on Saturday, with the
second-fastest time ever for that event.
Doesn't a clean drug test during competition rule out the possibility of
doping?
No, says Ross Tucker, an exercise physiologist at the University of Cape Town
in South Africa. Athletes are much more likely to dope while in training,
when drug testing tends to be less rigorous. “Everyone will pass at the
Olympic games. Hardly anyone fails in competition testing,” Tucker says.
Out-of-competition tests are more likely to catch dopers, he says, but it is
not feasible to test every elite athlete regularly year-round. Tracking an
athlete over time and flagging anomalous performances would help anti-doping
authorities to make better use of resources, says Yorck Olaf Schumacher, an
exercise physiologist at the Medical University of Freiburg in Germany, who
co-authored a 2009 paper proposing that performance profiling be used as an
anti-doping tool1. “I think it’s a good way and a cheap way to narrow down
a large group of athletes to suspicious ones, because after all, the result
of any doping is higher performance,” Schumacher says.
The ‘biological passport’, which measures characteristics of an athlete’s
blood to look for physiological evidence of doping, works in a similar way to
performance profiling (see 'Racing just to keep up'). After it was introduced
in 2008, cycling authorities flagged irregularities in the blood
characteristics of Antonio Colom, a Spanish cyclist, and targeted drug tests
turned up evidence of the banned blood-boosting hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
in 2009.
How would performance be used to nab dopers?
Anti-doping authorities need a better way of flagging anomalous performances
or patterns of results, says Schumacher. To do this, sports scientists need
to create databases that — sport by sport and event by event — record how
athletes improve with age and experience. Longitudinal records of athletes’
performances would then be fed into statistical models to determine the
likelihood that they ran or swam too fast, given their past results and the
limits of human physiology.
The Olympic biathlon, a winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and
target shooting, has dabbled in performance profiling. In a pilot project,
scientists at the International Biathlon Union in Salzburg, Austria, and the
University of Ferrara in Italy, developed a software program that
retroactively analysed blood and performance data from 180 biathletes over
six years to identify those most likely to have doped2. The biathlon
federation now uses the software to target its athletes for drug testing.
Could an athlete then be disciplined simply for performing too well?
“That would be unfair,” says Tucker. “The final verdict is only ever going
to be reached by testing. It has to be.” In recent years, cycling
authorities have successfully prosecuted athletes for having anomalous blood
profiles, even when banned substances such as EPO could not be found. But
performance is too far removed from taking a banned substance and influenced
by too many outside factors to convict someone of doping, Tucker says. “When
we look at this young swimmer from China who breaks a world record, that’s
not proof of anything. It asks a question or two.”
--
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