Clifford Geertz過世
人類學家Cliffrod Geertz過世
雖然是人類學家
但他的文章幾乎是史研所研一共同課必讀
http://www.ias.edu/Newsroom/announcements/Uploads/view.php?cmd=view&id=355
CLIFFORD GEERTZ 1926-2006
PRINCETON, N.J., October 31, 2006 -- Clifford Geertz, an eminent scholar in
the field of cultural anthropology known for his extensive research in
Indonesia and Morocco, died at the age of 80 early yesterday morning of
complications following heart surgery at the Hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania. Dr. Geertz was Professor Emeritus in the School of Social
Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, where he has served on the
Faculty since 1970. Dr. Geertz's appointment thirty-six years ago was
significant not only for the distinguished leadership it would bring to the
Institute, but also because it marked the initiation of the School of Social
Science, which in 1973 formally became the fourth School at the Institute.
Dr. Geertz's landmark contributions to social and cultural theory have been
influential not only among anthropologists, but also among geographers,
ecologists, political scientists, humanists, and historians. He worked on
religion, especially Islam; on bazaar trade; on economic development; on
traditional political structures; and on village and family life. A prolific
author since the 1950s, Dr. Geertz's many books include The Religion of Java
(1960); Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia
(1968); The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (1973, 2000); Negara:
The Theatre State in Nineteenth Century Bali (1980); and The Politics of
Culture, Asian Identities in a Splintered World (2002). At the time of his
death, Dr. Geertz was working on the general question of ethnic diversity and
its implications in the modern world.
Peter Goddard, Director of the Institute, said, "Clifford Geertz was one of
the major intellectual figures of the twentieth century whose presence at the
Institute played a crucial role in its development and in determining its
present shape. He remained a vital force, contributing to the life of the
Institute right up to his death. We have all lost a much loved friend."
"Cliff was the founder of the School of Social Science and its continuing
inspiration," stated Joan Wallach Scott, Harold F. Linder Professor in the
School of Social Science at the Institute. "His influence on generations of
scholars was powerful and lasting. He changed the direction of thinking in
many fields by pointing to the importance and complexity of culture and the
need for its interpretation. We will miss his critical intelligence, his
great sense of irony, and his friendship."
Dr. Geertz's deeply reflective and eloquent writings often provided profound
and cogent insights on the scope of culture, the nature of anthropology and
on the understanding of the social sciences in general. Noting that human
beings are "symbolizing, conceptualizing, meaning-seeking animals," Geertz
acknowledged and explored the innate desire of humanity to "make sense out of
experience, to give it form and order." In Works and Lives: The
Anthropologist as Author (1988), Geertz stated, "The next necessary
thing...is neither the construction of a universal Esperanto-like
culture...nor the invention of some vast technology of human management. It
is to enlarge the possibility of intelligible discourse between people quite
different from one another in interest, outlook, wealth, and power, and yet
contained in a world where tumbled as they are into endless connection, it is
increasingly difficult to get out of each other's way."
Dr. Geertz was born in San Francisco, California, on August 23, 1926. After
serving in the Navy from 1943 through 1945, he studied under the G.I. Bill at
Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, where he majored in English. His
internship as a copyboy for The New York Post dissuaded him from becoming a
newspaper man. "It was fun but it wasn't practical," he said in an interview
with Gary A. Olson ("Clifford Geertz on Ethnography and Social Construction,"
1991), so he switched to philosophy, partly because of the influence of
philosophy professor George Geiger, "the greatest teacher I have known."
"I never had any undergraduate training in anthropology [Antioch didn't offer
it at the time] and, indeed, very little social science outside of
economics," Geertz told Olson. "Finally, one of my professors said, 'Why
don't you think about anthropology?'"
After receiving his A.B. in philosophy in 1950, Geertz went on to study
anthropology at Harvard University and received a Ph.D. from the Department
of Social Relations in 1956. It was a heady time, according to Geertz.
"Multi- (or 'inter-' or 'cross-') disciplinary work, team projects, and
concern with the immediate problems of the contemporary world, were combined
with boldness, inventiveness, and a sense that things were, finally and
certainly, on the move."
Geertz recounted that he was exposed to a form of anthropology "then called,
rather awkwardly, 'pattern theory' or configurationalism.' In this
dispensation, stemming from work before and during the war by the comparative
linguist Edward Sapir at Yale and the cultural holist Ruth Benedict at
Columbia, it was the interrelation of elements, the gestalt they formed, not
their particular atomistic character that was taken to be the heart of the
matter."
At this point, Geertz became involved in a project spearheaded by cultural
anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn, who headed Harvard's Russian Research Center.
Geertz was one of five anthropologists assigned to the Modjokuto Project in
Indonesia, sponsored by the Center for International Studies at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and it was one of the earliest efforts
to send a team of anthropologists to study large-scale societies with written
histories, established governments, and composite cultures.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, anthropology was torn apart by questions
about its colonial past and the possibility of objective knowledge in the
human sciences. "For the next fifteen years or so," Geertz wrote, "proposals
for new directions in anthropological theory and method appeared almost by
the month, the one more clamorous than the next. I contributed to the
merriment with 'interpretive anthropology,' an extension of my concern with
the systems of meaning, beliefs, values, world views, forms of feeling,
styles of thought, in terms of which particular peoples construct their
existence."
Dr. Geertz began his academic career as a Research Assistant (1952-56) and a
Research Associate (1957-58) in the Center for International Studies at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and also served as an Instructor in
Social Relations and as a Research Associate in Harvard University's
Laboratory of Social Relations (1956-57). In 1958-59, he was a Fellow at the
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford, California.
From 1958 to 1960, he was Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the
University of California at Berkeley, after which time he was Assistant
Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago (1960-61), and was
subsequently promoted to Associate Professor (1962), and then Professor
(1964). He was later named Divisional Professor in the Social Sciences
(1968-70). At Chicago, Dr. Geertz was a member of the Committee for the
Comparative Study of New Nations (1962-70), its Executive Secretary
(1964-66), and its Chairman (1968-70). Geertz was also a Senior Research
Career Fellow at the National Institute of Mental Health from 1964 to 1970.
Consultant to the Ford Foundation on Social Sciences in Indonesia in 1971, he
was Eastman Professor at Oxford University from 1978 to 1979, and held an
appointment as Visiting Lecturer with Rank of Professor in the Department of
History at Princeton University from 1975 to 2000.
In 1970, Geertz joined the permanent faculty of the School of Social Science
at the Institute, and was named Harold F. Linder Professor of Social Science
in 1982. He transferred to emeritus status in 2000.
Dr. Geertz is the author and co-author of important volumes that have been
translated into over twenty languages and is the recipient of numerous
honorary degrees and scholarly awards. He received the National Book Critics
Circle Prize in Criticism in 1988 for Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as
Author, and was also the recipient of the Fukuoka Asian Cultural Prize (1992)
and the Bintang Jasa Utama (First Class Merit Star) of the Republic of
Indonesia (2002). Over the years, he received honorary degrees from Harvard,
Yale, and Princeton universities, from Antioch, Swarthmore, and Williams
colleges, and from the University of Cambridge, among other institutions.
He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Council on
Foreign Relations, the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy
of Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science; a
corresponding Fellow of the British Academy; and an Honorary Fellow of the
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Dr. Geertz was
a frequent contributor to The New York Review of Books.
Dr. Geertz's fieldwork was concentrated in Java, Bali, Celebes, and Sumatra
in Indonesia, as well as in Morocco. In May 2000, he was honored at
"Cultures, Sociétiés, et Territoires: Hommage à Clifford Geertz," a
conference held in Sefrou, Morocco, where he had conducted work for a decade.
It was particularly gratifying, commented Geertz, because "Anthropologists
are not always welcomed back to the site of their field studies."
Dr. Geertz is survived by his wife, Dr. Karen Blu, an anthropologist retired
from the Department of Anthropology at New York University; his children,
Erika Reading of Princeton, NJ, and Benjamin Geertz of Kirkland, WA; and his
grandchildren, Andrea and Elena Martinez of Princeton, NJ. He is also
survived by his former wife, Dr. Hildred Geertz, Professor Emeritus in the
Department of Anthropology at Princeton University.
A Memorial will be held at the Institute for Advanced Study. Details will be
announced at a future date.
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