Re: [字辨] contain 和 include 的差別
※ 引述《steak353 ()》之銘言：
: 想請問一下大家
: contain 和 include 中文都有包含的意思
: 去查了一下字典對2者的解釋如下：
: Contain
: 1. container/place, if something such as a box ,bag ,or place
: contains something, that thing is inside it
: 例: The museum contains a number of oringinal artworks.
: 2. writing/speech, if a document ,book ,speech etc contains
: something, that thing is included in it
: 例: The letter contained information about Ken's legal affairs.
: 3. substance, if a substance contains something,
: that thing is part of it
: 例: The product may contain nuts.
: Include
: 1. if one thing includes another, the second thing is part of
: the first
: 例: 1. Does the price include postage ?
: 2. The curriculum includes courses in computing.
: 2. to make someone or something part of a larger group or set
: 例: The team is stronger now they've included Ken.
: 請問兩者的差異在哪？可以相通嗎？
: 謝謝大家
以下是節自 [Longman Dictionary of Common Errors] 的說明
BAD: One of the bottles including the virus had been stolen.
GOOD: One of the bottles containing the virus had been stolen.
BAD: Classes should include no more than 20 students.
GOOD: Classes should contain no more than 20 students.
BAD: Milk also includes vitamins.
GOOD: Milk also contains vitamins.
Use "contain"
(1) when you say what a box, bottle, bag etc has inside it.
‘The bag contained some old clothes.’
(2) when you mention one or more of the things that something is made of or
has in it:
‘Water contains hydrogen and oxygen.’
‘The film contained a number of violent scenes.’
If something "includes" another thing, it has it as one of its parts:
‘The holiday package includes a two-day cruise along the Rhine.’
‘The price includes a small charge for postage and packing.’
------------------------------------------------
我自己的「亂解」：
A contains B --> B =/= A
A includes B --> B = = A
所以
One of the bottles containing the virus had been stolen.
(virus 並不是一種 bottle，所以用contain)
Classes should contain no more than 20 students.
(student 並不是一種 class，所以用contain)
Milk also contains vitamins.
(vitamin 並不是一種 milk，所以用contain)
The bag contained some old clothes.
(clothes 並不是一種 bag，所以用contain)
Water contains hydrogen and oxygen.
(hydrogen或oxygen 都不是一種 water，所以用contain)
The film contained a number of violent scenes.
(scene 不是一種 film，所以用contain)
The holiday package includes a two-day cruise along the Rhine.
(cruise 是一種 package (tour)沒錯，所以用include)
The price includes a small charge for postage and packing.
(charge 是一種 price 沒錯，所以用include)
更多字典的include 例子：
His job includes looking after under-21 teams. （朗文）
(looking after ... 是一種 job 沒錯，所以用include)
Your duties include typing letters and answering the telephone. (牛津)
(typing或answering 是一種 duty 沒錯，所以用incldue)
Durable goods include such items as cars, computers, and electrical
appliances. （麥可米倫）
(items 是一種 goods 沒錯，所以用include)
The trip has been extended to include a few other events. (科林斯)
(event 是一種 trip 沒錯，所以用include)
當然include還有另外一種邏輯，就是B是A的「一部分」，但廣義來看，
B還是A的一種「特質」沒錯：
The team is stronger now they’ve included Roscoe. （朗文）
(Roscos是一種「人」，而team也是由「人」組成)
You should include some examples in your essay.
(example是一種「段落的文字」，而essay也是由「段落的文字」組成)
但是contain不會有這種可能：
The thieves stole a purse containing banknotes. （朗文）
(purse絕對不可能由banknote組成)
----------------------------------------------------
簡單來說，
若是 A include B，則從B應還要能看出「屬於」A的本質。
但是 A contain B，從B看不出A是什麼東西。
以上，一點見解。
--
某次上課.....
師：「這本講義有不懂的地方可以私下來問我。」
生：「不能整本拿過去，一定要撕下來嗎？」
師：「整本！程度也太差了吧。自己先想辦法。」
生：「我真笨。」
--
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※ 編輯: stu60912 (114.37.105.175), 04/10/2016 22:17:57
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