Re: [認知] How the Brain Localizes Sounds
試著翻譯看看:P
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How the Brain Localizes Sounds
大腦如何分辨聲音的位置
We live in a world full of echoes. Sounds reverberate, bouncing off
walls, buildings, rocks and any other nearby surface.
我們住在一個充滿回聲的世界，
聲音反射，碰撞牆壁、房子、石頭以及任何附近的表面。
These sound waves pile on one another and hurtle down your ear canals from
different angles, the echoes from one noise jumbling together with new sounds
and their echoes.
音波持續地增強並從不同的角度衝擊你的耳道，噪音產生的回聲又與新的聲音及其回聲混
在一起。
In spite of that barrage, the neurons in the auditory midbrain, an area that
responds before the auditory cortex does, are able to sort out which were
the original sounds and where they came from.
儘管在這種疲勞轟炸下，在聽覺皮質之前反應的中腦神經仍舊能夠辨認原本的聲音以及位
置。
How they do so has long puzzled scientists,
but new research suggests the trick is simpler than expected.
科學家長期困惑於大腦是如何做到這件事(辨認原始的聲音以及位置)，
然而新的研究結果說明了這件事其實比原本所想的簡單。
In an April study, neuroscientists led by Sasha Devore at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology tested the widely held hypothesis that specialized
cells in the brain actively suppress neuronal response to echoes.
在4月的研究中,
麻省理工學院的Sasha Devore帶領神經科學家檢查一個廣泛被接受的假說:
大腦中存在特定的細胞負責抑制神經對回聲產生反應。
Using electrodes in a cat’s midbrain, researchers measured cells' responses
to a sound and its reverberations.
透過觀測一隻貓中腦的電極,檢驗細胞對聲音以及回聲的反應。
They found that the cells that sense a sound’s direction of origin responded
more strongly to the first 50 milliseconds of sound waves than
they did to the later waves—their activity simply tapered off after the
onset of the sound.
研究者發現，細胞對於起初聲音的方向跟之後的聲音相比，
在前50ms的聲波具有更強的反應— 細胞的活動在（新）聲音產生後開始減弱。
(上面這句有點是用猜的......有錯請指正 Orz)
The tapering response, a much simpler
mechanism than the earlier theory of suppression, allows the brain to easily
tune in to original sounds and pinpoint who or what is making noise.
與早期的抑制理論相比簡單許多的減弱機制，
使大腦更容易地注意原本的聲音並且關注是誰或者是什麼產生它。
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