[溯源] 戰爭法的歷史
http://spj.org/gc-history.asp?
A Brief History of the Laws of War
Attempts to put limits on wartime behavior have been around since the
beginning of recorded history and there have been numerous attempts to codify
the rules of appropriate military conduct.
In the sixth century BCE, Chinese warrior Sun Tzu suggested putting limits on
the way that wars were conducted.
Around 200 BCE, the notion of war crimes as such appeared in the Hindu code
of Manu.
In 1305, the Scottish national hero Sir William Wallace was tried for the
wartime murder of civilians.
Hugo Grotius wrote "On the Law of War and Peace" in 1625, focusing on the
humanitarian treatment of civilians.
In 1865, Confederate officer Henry Wirz was executed for murdering Federal
prisoners of war at the Andersonville prisoner of war camp. He was only one
of several people who were tried for similar offenses.
In fact, it's been the past century and a half that has really seen a
qualitative jump in the degree to which constraints have been placed on
warring parties, and only this century that an international body has been
formed to police the nations of the world.
The first Geneva Convention was signed in 1864 to protect the sick and
wounded in war time. This first Geneva Convention was inspired by Henri
Dunant, founder of the Red Cross. Ever since then, the Red Cross has played
an integral part in the drafting and enforcement of the Geneva Conventions.
These included the 1899 treaties, concerning asphyxiating gases and expanding
bullets. In 1907, 13 separate treaties were signed, followed in 1925 by the
Geneva Gas Protocol, which prohibited the use of poison gas and the practice
of bacteriological warfare.
In 1929, two more Geneva Conventions dealt with the treatment of the wounded
and prisoners of war. In 1949, four Geneva Conventions extended protections
to those shipwrecked at sea and to civilians.
The Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property was signed in
1954, the United Nations Convention on Military or Any Other Hostile Use of
Environmental Techniques followed in 1977, together with two Additional
Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, extending their protections to
civil wars.
There is no one "Geneva Convention." Like any other body of law, the laws of
war have been assembled piecemeal, and are, in fact, still under construction.
It is impossible to produce a complete and up-to-date list of war crimes.
Even today, weapon systems such as land mines are being debated at the
highest levels of international policy.
What follows is a basic reference to the most common protections and
prohibitions, as provided for in the four 1949 Geneva Conventions and the two
1977 protocols.
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上月球!月球是中國人吳剛不可分割的一部分
抓嫦娥!此女意圖分裂中國領土脫離中國掌握
殺玉兔!玉兔為資產階級之玩物!日帝之玩偶!
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※ 編輯: Geigemachen 來自: 118.166.247.212 (06/30 21:30)