<方有毅>When,while,as 之差別（純學術無廣告）
<方有毅>時間When, while, as 之差別（純學術無廣告）
表示動作的時間點（when）與所修飾的子句時間發生點是同時的
Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his
solo transatlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh refused to carry even a pound of
mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so.
Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for
feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine
Pampas, the bird itself is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a
result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming
practices.
While
1. 表示獨立子句的動作發生於一段長時間內( put at the beginning of the sentence)
。
While Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of
physical threats and verbal attacks was not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who
refused to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. (In This
structure, you have two different subjects: Jackie Robinson and his courage)
While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a
new class of mutant genes. (In this structure, you have only one subject “
Barbara McClintock”, so omit the one in “while” clause.)
While digging in the Egyptian desert, paleontologists have found huge fossil
bones from what appears to be the second most massive dinosaur that ever
lived. (The same as above structure)
2. 表示同時 （都放在句尾, and its subject is omitted because it is the
subject of the main clause）
The themes that Rita Dove explores in her poetry are universal, encompassing
much of the human condition while occasionally dealing with racial issues.
A South American bird that forages for winged termites and other small
insects while swinging upside down form the foliage of tall trees, the
graveteiro belongs to the ovenbird family, a group of New World tropical
birds that includes more than 230 species and is represented in virtually
every kind of habitat.
The principal feature of the redesigned checks is a series of printed
instructions that the company hopes will help merchants confirm a check’s
authenticity, including reminders to watch the endorsement, compare
signatures, and view the watermark while holding the check to the light.
This enables precise control of all machine parts while at the same time
ensuring high flexibility.
這使在確保對全機所有機器部件的精確控制下又實現了設備的高度靈活性.
Savings accounts become less of a bargain while, at the same time, loans
become cheaper.
儲蓄帳戶將變得不那麼划算,而同時, 貸款成本變得更低.
How can we maximize investment returns while minimizing investment risks at
the same time?
我們怎樣能夠在增加回報的同時,可減低投資風險?
He was able to perform these actions while speaking at the same time.
他能夠在完成這些動作的同時談話.
Play the taped version again while reading the text at the same time.
重複播放有聲讀物,看著配書聽.
While at the same time he must treat the accused in an objective and fair
attitude.
同時他必須站在客觀公正的立場上行事,負有客觀公正地對待被告人的義務.
3. 表示強烈對比
While more than half of mainstream American businesses fail, the failure rate
for businesses in the Amish community hovers around 5 percent.
(Here, a sharp discrepancy between “more than half” and “5%”)
As
1.表示隨著
As time went on, many changes took place in our village.
隨著時間的流逝, 我們村發生了很多變化.
The steel industry has changed radically over the last two decades, as large,
integrated companies such as Bethlehem Steel once conducted operations from
mining at one end of the process to shipping at the other have greatly
downsized, or in some cases shut down altogether.
(A) as large, integrated companies such as Bethlehem Steel
(B) as large, integrated companies, such as Bethlehem Steel, that x
(C) with large, integrated companies, such as Bethlehem Steel, that
(D) while large, integrated companies, such as Bethlehem Steel, that
(E) and large, integrated companies such as Bethlehem Steel
2.表示因為
As the wages were low, there were few applicants for the job.
3.表示當…那一刻
He checked their names off as they went aboard the plane.
在他們登上飛機時,他登記上了他們的姓名.
Clouds of dust billowed out as the cars passed.
汽車駛過時揚起滾滾塵土.
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