[情報] 桌球
Table tennis, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball
back and forth using table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard
table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a
ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must
return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a
player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands
quick reactions. Spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an
opponent's options, giving the hitter a great advantage. When doing so the
hitter has a good chance of scoring if the spin is successful.
Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization International Table
Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 217 member
associations.[1] The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF
handbook.[2] Since 1988, table tennis has been an Olympic sport,[3] with
several event categories. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were:
men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles. Since 2008
a team event has been played instead of the doubles. In 2007, the governance
for table tennis for persons with a disability was transferred from the
International Paralympic Committee to the ITTF.[4]
History
Parker Brothers Ping-Pong game.
The game originated as in England during the 1880s, where it was played among
the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour game.[5][6] It has been suggested
that the game was first developed by British military officers in India or
South Africa who brought it back with them.[7] A row of books were stood up
along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and
were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the table to the
other. Alternatively table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box
lids and balls made of champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game
manufacturers to sell equipment commercially. Early rackets were often pieces
of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the
game its first nicknames of "wiff-waff" and "ping-pong". A number of sources
indicate that the game was first brought to the attention of Hamley's of
Regent Street under the name "Gossima".[8][9] The name "ping-pong" was in
wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in
1901. The name "ping-pong" then came to be used for the game played by the
rather expensive Jaques's equipment, with other manufacturers calling it
table tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques
sold the rights to the "ping-pong" name to Parker Brothers. Parker Brothers
then enforced their copyright on the term in the 1920's making the various
associations change their names to "table tennis" instead of the more common,
but copyrighted, term.[10]
The next major innovation was by James W Gibb, a British enthusiast of table
tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901
and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E.C. Goode who,
in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of
pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis was growing in
popularity by 1901 to the extent that tournaments were being organized, books
being written on the subject,[8] and an unofficial world championship was
held in 1902. During the early 1900s, the game was banned in Russia because
the rulers at the time believed that playing the game had an adverse effect
on players' eyesight.[11]
In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded in Britain, and the
International Table Tennis Federation followed in 1926.[5][12] London hosted
the first official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States
Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed.[5][13]
In the 1930s, Edgar Snow commented in Red Star Over China that the Communist
forces in the Chinese Civil War had a "passion for the English game of table
tennis" which he found "bizarre".[14]
In the 1950s, rackets that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying
sponge layer changed the game dramatically,[5] introducing greater spin and
speed.[15] These were introduced to Britain by sports goods manufacturer S.W.
Hancock Ltd. The use of speed glue increased the spin and speed even further,
resulting in changes to the equipment to "slow the game down". Table tennis
was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988.[16]
After the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the International Table Tennis
Federation instituted several rules changes aimed at making table tennis more
viable as a televised spectator sport.[17] First, the older 38 mm balls were
officially replaced by 40 mm balls in 2000.[8][18] This increased the ball's
air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players
had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their rackets,
which made the game excessively fast and difficult to watch on television.
Second, the ITTF changed from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring system in
2001.[8] This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The
ITTF also changed the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the
ball during service, in order to increase the average length of rallies and
to reduce the server's advantage.
Variants of the sport have recently emerged. "Large-ball" table tennis uses a
44 mm ball, which slows down the game significantly. This has seen some
acceptance by players who have a hard time with the extreme spins and speeds
of the 40 mm game.
There is a move towards reviving the table tennis game that existed prior to
the introduction of sponge rubber. "Hardbat" table tennis players reject the
speed and spin of reversed sponge rubber, preferring the 1940–60s play style
with no sponge and short-pimpled rubber. Defense is less difficult by
decreasing the speed and eliminating any meaningful magnus effect of spin.
Because hardbat killer shots are almost impossible to hit against a skilled
player, hardbat matches focus on the strategic side of table tennis,
requiring skillful maneuvering of the opponent before an attack can become
successful.
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