[考古] 西洋哲學史(三)：理性論與經驗論 期中考 羅麗君老師
請回答以下問題：
1. 請以下段文字的內容為指引，首先說明 Descartes 如何提出「cogito, ergo sum」
的命題，再進一步分析「自我」(I) 概念的意涵。(25分)
If conceived myself of something then I certainly existed. But there is
a deceiver of supreme power and cunning who is deliberately and constantly
deceiving me. In that case I too undoubtedly exist, if he is deceiving
me; and let him deceive me as much he can, he will never bring it about
that I am nothing so long as I think that I am something. So after
considering everything very thoroughly, I must finally conclude that
this proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put
forward by me or conceived in my mind.
2. 請說明中世紀哲學家 St. Anselm (1033-1109) 和近代哲學家 Descrates (1596-
1650) 二者有關上帝存在的「存有學論證」(Ontological Argument)，並嘗試舉出
至少一位後世哲學家針對「存有學論證」的批評觀點。(25分)
3. 請用＂naturs naturans＂和＂natura naturata＂兩組對比的概念去說明Spinoza
(1632-1677)之泛神論實體形上學體系的內容。(25分)
4. 請詳細說明 Leibniz(1646-1716)之「單子論」形上學體系。(25分)
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