[作業] 生態投影片
不知道老師會不會上傳,但有人說要今天的照片
可惜拍的位置不佳是靠東拼西湊的,所以答應一些人整理後PO上來…
有缺漏的還望包含,也希望其他有照有抄的同學能幫忙補齊<(_ _)>感激不盡
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Robert MacArthur
Alfreed Lokta
V. Vlotera
C. E. Shannon
G. F. Gause
Robert Paine
Joseph Connell
Kathleen Keeler
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1.What are the interspecific relationship/interaction?
種間關係(interspecific relationship)
‧互利共生(Mutualism) + +
‧片利共生(Commensalism) + 0
‧片害共生(Amensalism) - 0
毒他作用(Allelopathy)
‧中性(Neutralism) 0 0
‧掠食(Predation) + -
‧植食(Herbivory) + -
‧寄生(Parasitism) + -
‧擬寄生(Parasitoidism) + -
‧競爭(Competition) - -
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2.What is a "community"?
群集(Community)
‧定義&特徵
。生物多樣性
‧物種多樣性、遺傳多樣性、生態多樣性
‧結構
。生產者(Preoducer)
。消費者(Consumer)
。分解者(Decomposer)
。優勢物種(Dominant species): 優勢物種
。關鍵物種(Keystone species): 基石物種
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3.What is "niche"
‧Joseph Grinnel 1917
。Niche is sum of habitat requirements
‧Charles Elton 1927
。Niche is role of a species in food-web
‧Georgil Frantsevich Gause 1934
。No two species occupy the same niche
in the same environment for a long time
‧According to "Competition exclusion principle"
‧Eugene Odum 1953
。Distinguished "Niche" from "Habitat"
‧Habitat corresponds to the organism's address; niche to its profession
‧Evelyn Hutchinson 1959
。Niche is n-dimensional hyer-volume
(multi-dimensional resources)
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△競爭排斥(Competitive exclusion)
‧1934年,俄國生態學家高斯(G.F.Gause)
:草履蟲實驗 高中課本圖(對應生態課本Fig.13.15)
‧1961年,美國加州大學教授康乃爾(Joseph Connell)
:大小藤壺實驗 Fig.9.8
‧1980年,美國生態學家莫斯(Douglass Morse)
:黑喉綠林鶯 v.s. 黃腰白喉林鶯 Fig.1.2
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4.What is the mechanism for species to coexist in a community?
生態區位分化(Niche differentiation)
‧資源分化(Resourse Partitioning)
。時間劃分(Temporal Partitioning)
‧晝行性、夜行性
。空間劃分(Spatial Partitioning)
‧垂直分層、水平分層
‧特徵位置(Character displacement)
。型態分化(Morphological differentiation)
‧攝食構造、附肢構造
‧條件分化(Conditional Differentiation)
。Tilman's Rosource(1977)
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最後面沒拍到了…以上如果真的想看照片的再跟我說…
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