Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin
https://byustudies.byu.edu/showtitle.aspx?title=6420
A trilingual inscription placed by Pontius Pilate upon the cross proclaimed
"Jesus of Nazareth the King of the Jews." This titulus was able to be read by
many of the Jews, John says, not only because of Golgatha's proximity to the
city, but also because the text was written in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.
Pilate's declaration addressed the multilingual population of Jerusalem, both
its residents and also its visitors, who were filling the city during the
Passover. Weeks later, on the day of Pentecost, Peter and some Apostles
addressed Jews, residents of Jerusalem who had gathered from every nation,
and for a moment the polyglot assembly communicated in one language.
Miraculously, "every man heard them speak in his own language" (Acts 2:6). It
was cause for amazement that these Galileans were able to be understood by
Parthians, Medes, Elamites, Mesopotamians, Judeans, Cappadocians, Pontians,
Asians, Phrygians, Pamphylians, Egyptians, Cyrenians, Cretans, Arabians, and
proselytes and Jews from Rome (Acts 2:1–13).
Not only the Jerusalem of these anecdotes, but all of Roman Judea in the
first century A.D. was a place of tremendous linguistic diversity. Centuries
of political and religious change had resulted in the establishment of a
culture in which Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin were written, read, and
especially spoken by a multilingual group. This included governors and
subjects, scholars and laymen, missionaries and proselytes, buyers and
sellers, clients and kings. The rock of Masada, having yielded from its
rubble Latin, Greek, Aramaic, and Hebrew texts, exemplifies the societal
internexus of New Testament Palestine.
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