標題:Breaking down China's electronic warfare tactics
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http://www.c4isrnet.com/articles/breaking-down-chinas-electronic-warfare-tactics
By: Mark Pomerleau, March 22, 2017
In the wake of Russia's demonstrations of advanced electromagnetic spectrum
and communications jamming capabilities, most recently displayed in their
incursion into Ukraine, China also is upping its game in this space,
demonstrating similar capabilities in the Pacific.
The U.S. Department of Defense, in an annual report to Congress on China’s
military and security developments, assessed that the country is placing
greater importance upon EW, on par with traditional domains of warfare such
as air, ground and maritime.
“The [People’s Liberation Army] sees EW as an important force multiplier,
and would likely employ it in support of all combat arms and services during
a conflict,” the 2016 report asserts. “The PLA’s EW units have conducted
jamming and anti-jamming operations, testing the military’s understanding of
EW weapons, equipment, and performance. This helped improve the military’s
confidence in conducting force-on-force, real-equipment confrontation
operations in simulated EW environments.”
According to the report, China’s EW weapons include “jamming equipment
against multiple communication and radar systems and GPS satellite systems.
EW systems are also being deployed with other sea- and air-based platforms
intended for both offensive and defensive operations.”
According to some outside experts, the Chinese merge cyber and electronic
warfare into a singular discipline.
“Electronic warfare, which in our system, has tended to be hived off into
thinking about jamming and various other aspects,” Dean Cheng, a senior
research fellow at The Heritage Foundation, said during a March 20 event at
the think tank. “But for the Chinese has long been characterized as
integrated network and electronic warfare. That the two are two sides of the
same coin; one focusing on the data, the other on the electronic equipment.”
Similarly, a report published by the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of
Excellence, a think tank in Tallinn, Estonia, unaffiliated with the
multination defense alliance, explained that units within the People’s
Liberation Army that were responsible for EW are now assuming the task of
computer network operations.
The PLA, in line with the Chinese historic understanding of information as
the key to victory, the report stated, has focused on countering American
C4ISR systems through GPS jamming, Joint Tactical Information Distribution
System countermeasures and synthetic radar jamming. These capabilities would
be coordinated with computer network attack tools for a more holistic and
complete attack against an adversary's command networks, the report said.
When assessing the capabilities of certain actors in this space, it is
important to distinguish their capabilities from how they are used. “Their
technical capabilities aren’t limited to them because they’ll sell those
technical capabilities to someone else, as will China, as will other folks,”
John Willison, director of the Army Communications-Electronics Research,
Development and Engineering Center's Space and Terrestrial Communications
Directorate, told C4ISRNET over the summer on the sidelines of the TechNet
Augusta conference.
“We’ve got to factor that in that those capabilities won’t be limited. Now
the way they fight is a different perspective and the theater is a different
perspective as well.”
“When a lot of people talk about threats they talk about box on box — we’
ve got a box and they’ve got a box; good starting point,” Willison added. “
How are those boxes deployed? What’s the quantity? What other things do they
work with?”
Officials within the DoD declined to comment or offer many specifics
regarding China’s capabilities in this domain or the threat that the United
States says they pose to the region.
China does “have an electronic warfare capability that we respect and we
train to it,” Vice Adm. Joseph Aucoin, commander of the 7th Fleet, which is
responsible for the Pacific regions, told C4ISRNET during a February
conference.
He described China’s EW capability as all-encompassing, meaning they can
employ effects from air-, ground- and sea-based mediums. “They’re growing
their capability, but I feel confident that we also have very good capability
and can be decisive if called upon.”
From the air, China has touted EW payloads outfitted aboard unmanned systems
that are capable of disrupting enemy fighter radars and missiles while
jamming and spoofing communications between enemy bombers, airborne early
warning and control aircraft, other unmanned aircraft and their datalinks
between satellites, and land-based missiles below.
“We’re certainly concerned about [China's EW cababilities in the region],”
Rear Adm. Nancy Norton, the director of warfare integration for information
warfare and the deputy director of Navy cybersecurity, told C4SIRNET. “Even
more so, what’s happening in the South China Sea and as they build up what
used to be nothing are becoming pretty robust islands for a capability that
just expands on the potential for electronic jamming from all of that island
mass in the South China Sea.”
Brig. Gen. (promotable) Patricia Frost, the head of the Army’s cyber
directorate, which places cyber, electronic warfare and information
operations under one hat, couched China's EW capabilities under the guise of
multi-domain battle.
“What the Army is working on right now is the multi-domain battle concept.
U.S. Army Pacific has the lead. So how would we organize and integrate the
capabilities to do the [anti-access, area denial] fight to open opportunities
for the joint fight,” she told C4ISRNET following an appearance at an AFCEA
D.C. chapter event on March 22. “How do you get the concept of operation;
how do you maybe fight a little differently; and then what are the
capabilities that you need that would open those windows of opportunity? So I
think we’re still in that kind of conceptual stage.”
China’s efforts in the Pacific theater can be viewed under similar pretenses
as Russia’s projection of power and use of jamming capability.
Russia has not taken kindly to Ukraine, a former Soviet satellite state that
historically has been under its orbit, drift closer to western arms — NATO
and the European Union, for example.
Similarly, China has begun massive land reclamation endeavors in the Pacific
Ocean, building man-made islands as a means of both asserting its territorial
claims to areas classically under their sphere and projecting power.
These man-made islands further push China’s defense perimeter, Scott Harold,
associate director at the Center for Asia-Pacific Policy at the think tank
Rand, told C4ISRNET. The islands, he said, allow China to control the area
while breaking regional U.S. alliance networks, and they give China a
platform to operate forward.
It’s important to recognize that EW and non-contact warfare, in Chinese
lexicon, look to deny U.S. operations in areas that China historically
regards as its own or, at the very least, valuable assets, Harold added. The
U.S. aside, he said China’s EW capabilities could be used against far less
sophisticated nations such as Vietnam, India, Taiwan or Japan, and could
complicate those nations' abilities to command and control their own forces.
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