[轉錄][超幹] 維基百科
※ [本文轉錄自 Hate 看板]
作者: fizeau ( ) 看板: Hate
標題: [超幹] 維基百科
時間: Sun Jun 18 01:32:54 2006
其實是要賺p幣:P
http://tinyurl.com/p66hb
Growing Wikipedia Revises Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy
擴張中的維基百科修正「所有人都能編輯」的政策
Wikipedia is the online encyclopedia that "anyone can edit." Unless you want to
edit the entries on Albert Einstein, human rights in China or Christina
Aguilera.
維基百科是大家都能修訂的線上百科全書，除非你要編輯的內容是愛因斯坦，中國人權
或歌手克利斯丁。
Wikipedia's come-one, come-all invitation to write and edit articles, and the
surprisingly successful results, have captured the public imagination. But it
is not the experiment in freewheeling collective creativity it might seem to be
, because maintaining so much openness inevitably involves some tradeoffs.
維基百科歡迎任何人編寫文章，而成功的結果也引起公開的話題。但是維持這樣的公開性
無可避免地包含一些折衷。
At its core, Wikipedia is not just a reference work but also an online
community that has built itself a bureaucracy of sorts — one that, in response
to well-publicized problems with some entries, has recently grown more
elaborate. It has a clear power structure that gives volunteer administrators
the authority to exercise editorial control, delete unsuitable articles and
protect those that are vulnerable to vandalism.
本質上維基百科不僅是參考資料，它還是一種線上社區，有自己的結構。它有清楚的權限
歸屬架構允許管理者行使編輯控制，刪除不適合文章以及保護資料受到故意破壞。
Those measures can put some entries outside of the "anyone can edit" realm. The
list changes rapidly, but as of yesterday, the entries for Einstein and Ms.
Aguilera were among 82 that administrators had "protected" from all editing,
mostly because of repeated vandalism or disputes over what should be said.
Another 179 entries — including those for George W. Bush, Islam and Adolf
Hitler — were "semi-protected," open to editing only by people who had been
registered at the site for at least four days.
某些條目是不能被任意編輯的。項目時常在更動，例如昨天「愛因斯坦」與「克利斯丁」
就是在管理者列為受保護的82條之中，主要因為避免受到污滅毀謗。另外179條包括布希
和希特勒等，是半保護的，也就是說只能提供已登記的使用者編輯。
While these measures may appear to undermine the site's democratic principles,
Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's founder, notes that protection is usually temporary
and affects a tiny fraction of the 1.2 million entries on the English-language
site.
這些措施看起來似乎損害到這個網站民主性的原則，但是維基的創辦者Jimmy Whales指出
保護是暫時的，而且只會影響一小部分。
"Protection is a tool for quality control, but it hardly defines Wikipedia,"
Mr. Wales said. "What does define Wikipedia is the volunteer community and the
open participation."
「保護是為了品質管制，但是不是維基百科的根本。它主要是志願者來共同參與，以及公
開。」他說。
From the start, Mr. Wales gave the site a clear mission: to offer free
knowledge to everybody on the planet. At the same time, he put in place a set
of rules and policies that he continues to promote, like the need to present
information with a neutral point of view.
他一開始就指定維基的任務是提供免費資訊給任何人。同時他設定一些規則就是資料要
秉持中立。
The system seems to be working. Wikipedia is now the Web's third-most-popular
news and information source, beating the sites of CNN and Yahoo News, according
to Nielsen NetRatings.
這個系統看來成功了。維基百科目前是網上第三受歡迎的資料訊息來源，打敗CNN及Yahoo
The bulk of the writing and editing on Wikipedia is done by a geographically
diffuse group of 1,000 or so regulars, many of whom are administrators on the
site.
維基百科是由不同地區大約有1000多人規律性編寫而成。大多數是管理者。
"A lot of people think of Wikipedia as being 10 million people, each adding one
sentence," Mr. Wales said. "But really the vast majority of work is done by
this small core community."
「很多人以為維基是由一千萬人每個人增加一個句子；但是其實多數都是由一小部份人
完成的。」Mr. Wales說。
The administrators are all volunteers, most of them in their 20's. They are in
constant communication — in real-time online chats, on "talk" pages connected
to each entry and via Internet mailing lists. The volunteers share the job of
watching for vandalism, or what Mr. Wales called "drive-by nonsense."
Customized software — written by volunteers — also monitors changes to
articles.
管理者都是志願的，多數20歲。他們憑藉即時聊天或電子郵件溝通。他們一起分擔監管
被破壞的工作。特別設計的軟體也會監視文章的改變。
Mr. Wales calls vandalism to the encyclopedia "a minimal problem, a dull roar
in the background." Yet early this year, amid heightened publicity about false
information on the site, the community decided to introduce semi-protection of
some articles. The four-day waiting period is meant to function something like
the one imposed on gun buyers.
Mr. Wales說蓄意破壞只是小問題。但是今年初有風聲傳出維基網站上有假的資料，社群
決定要引進保護措施。
Once the assaults have died down, the semi-protected page is often reset to "
anyone can edit" mode. An entry on Bill Gates was semi-protected for just a few
days in January, but some entries, like the article on President Bush, stay
that way indefinitely. Other semi-protected subjects as of yesterday were Opus
Dei, Tony Blair and sex.
一旦攻擊平息了，受保護的會重新被設定可以被公開編輯。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
先到這裡了....免得斷線後要重來。
恨意？幹！怎麼這麼長！
To some critics, protection policies make a mockery of the "anyone can edit"
notion.
"As Wikipedia has tried to improve its quality, it's beginning to look more and
more like an editorial structure," said Nicholas Carr, a technology writer who
recently criticized Wikipedia on his blog. "To say that great work can be
created by an army of amateurs with very little control is a distortion of what
Wikipedia really is."
But Mr. Wales dismissed such criticism, saying there had always been
protections and filters on the site.
Wikipedia's defenders say it usually takes just a few days for all but the most
determined vandals to retreat.
"A cooling-off period is a wonderful mediative technique," said Ross Mayfield,
chief executive of a company called Socialtext that is based on the same
editing technology that Wikipedia uses.
Full protection often results from a "revert war," in which users madly change
the wording back and forth. In such cases, an administrator usually steps in
and freezes the page until the warring parties can settle their differences in
another venue, usually the talk page for the entry. The Christina Aguilera
entry was frozen this week after fans of the singer fought back against one
user's efforts to streamline it.
Much discussion of Wikipedia has focused on its accuracy. Last year, an article
in the journal Nature concluded that the incidence of errors in Wikipedia was
only slightly higher than in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Officials at Britannica
angrily disputed the findings.
"To be able to do an encyclopedia without having the ability to differentiate
between experts and the general public is very, very difficult," said Jorge
Cauz, the president of Britannica, whose subscription-based online version
receives a small fraction of the traffic that Wikipedia gets.
Intentional mischief can go undetected for long periods. In the article about
John Seigenthaler Sr., who served in the Kennedy administration, a suggestion
that he was involved in the assassinations of both John F. and Robert Kennedy
was on the site for more than four months before Mr. Seigenthaler discovered
it. He wrote an op-ed article in USA Today about the incident, calling
Wikipedia "a flawed and irresponsible research tool."
Yet Wikipedians say that in general the accuracy of an article grows
organically. At first, said Wayne Saewyc, a Wikipedia volunteer in Vancouver,
British Columbia, "everything is edited mercilessly by idiots who do stupid and
weird things to it." But as the article grows, and citations slowly accumulate,
Mr. Saewyc said, the article becomes increasingly accurate.
Wikipedians often speak of how powerfully liberating their first contribution
felt. Kathleen Walsh, 23, a recent college graduate who majored in music,
recalled the first time she added to an article on the contrabassoon.
"I wrote a paragraph of text and there it was," recalled Ms. Walsh. "You write
all these pages for college and no one ever sees it, and you write for
Wikipedia and the whole world sees it, instantly."
Ms. Walsh is an administrator, a post that others nominated her for in
recognition of her contributions to the site. She monitors a list of newly
created pages, half of which, she said, end up being good candidates for
deletion. Many are "nonsense pages created by kids, like 'Michael is a big
dork,' " she said.
Ms. Walsh also serves on the 14-member arbitration committee, which she
describes as "the last resort" for disputes on Wikipedia.
Like so many Web-based successes, Wikipedia started more or less by accident.
Six years ago, Mr. Wales, who built up a comfortable nest egg in a brief career
as an options trader, started an online encyclopedia called Nupedia.com, with
content to be written by experts. But after attracting only a few dozen
articles, Mr. Wales started Wikipedia on the side. It grew exponentially.
For the first year or so, Mr. Wales paid the expenses out of his own pocket.
Now the Wikimedia Foundation, the nonprofit organization that supports
Wikipedia, is financed primarily through donations, most in the $50 to $100
range.
As the donations have risen, so have the costs. The foundation's annual budget
doubled in the last year, to $1.5 million, and traffic has grown sharply.
Search engines like Google, which often turn up Wikipedia entries at the top of
their results, are a big contributor to the site's traffic, but it is
increasingly a first stop for knowledge seekers.
Mr. Wales shares the work of running Wikipedia with the administrators and four
paid employees of the foundation. Although many decisions are made by consensus
within the community, Mr. Wales steps in when an issue is especially
contentious. "It's not always obvious when something becomes policy," he said.
"One way is when I say it is."
Mr. Wales is a true believer in the power of wiki page-editing technology,
which predates Wikipedia. In late 2004, Mr. Wales started Wikia, a commercial
start-up financed by venture capital that lets people build Web sites based
around a community of interest. Wiki 24, for instance, is an unofficial
encyclopedia for the television show "24." Unlike Wikipedia, the site carries
advertising.
Mr. Wales, 39, lives with his wife and daughter in St. Petersburg, Fla., where
the foundation is based. But Mr. Wales's main habitat these days, he said, is
the inside of airplanes. He travels constantly, giving speeches to
reverential audiences and visiting Wikipedians around the world.
Wikipedia has inspired its share of imitators. A group of scientists has
started the peer-reviewed Encyclopedia of Earth, and Congresspedia is a new
encyclopedia with an article about each member of Congress.
But beyond the world of reference works, Wikipedia has become a symbol of the
potential of the Web.
"It can tell us a lot about the future of knowledge creation, which will depend
much less on individual heroism and more on collaboration," said Mitchell
Kapor, a computer industry pioneer who is president of the Open Source
Applications Foundation.
Zephyr Teachout, a lawyer in Burlington, Vt., who is involved with
Congresspedia, said Wikipedia was reminiscent of old-fashioned civic groups
like the Grange, whose members took individual responsibility for the
organization's livelihood.
"It blows open what's possible," said Ms. Teachout. "What I hope is that these
kinds of things lead to thousands of other experiments like this encyclopedia,
which we never imagined could be produced in this way."
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