[閒聊] 一些英文寫作的語言技巧總結

看板Biotech作者harry (.,.)時間15年前 (2011/04/15 12:18)推噓4(4推 0噓 1→)

留言5則, 5人參與討論串1/1

在網路上看到的， http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0906/12/27287_51581412.shtml 一直以為只有托福和GRE寫作有模板，想不到論文也有模板，尤其是文章最後有cover letter, 催稿信，revised letter之類的參考，蠻好玩的我把它改成繁體如下: 一些英文寫作的語言技巧總結我並不是大牛，但也算是在外文期刊上發了幾篇文章，現在我寫文章2天可以寫成，一周可以完稿。以前寫的文章老是refuse，現在大多都是revised，摸索寫文章的路真的很艱辛，研二上學期我寫的4篇文章，結果改來改去的，整的快崩潰了，現在好了，寫的文章能拿到1.5左右的雜誌上基本就accept了。我覺得寫文章之前要先有思路，你怎麼去寫怎麼寫的和別人不同，有新意。這裡面的文章很大，我也說不透，只是參透了一二，和大家分享，望大家不要恥笑。我畢竟是個碩士研究生。我覺得論文寫很簡單，主要是能夠發表出去。下面我簡單講下我的思路。有相同或不同見解的留下言，共同交流，一起進步。我是材料出身，搞的是催化，文章的第一步要有圖，也就是說首先把圖做的漂漂亮亮的，不管是SEM，TEM，Uv-vis，FTIR，還是催化效果圖。、圖片放到你的文章裡就是你的思路，圖片放好了你的思路就出來了，這是就關鍵的過程，放圖的過程中你要考你怎麼寫，你的文章新的地方在哪？；圖做好了也放好了，就是寫文章了，寫文章也很快了，因為思路有了你的文章也構思好了。我在這裡給出我寫文章時的程式。對於文章主體部分，我覺得先寫 Results and discussion，寫完了根據其內容下個Conclusion，然後根據 Conclusion寫Abstract（因為它們倆有些許的類似），而後補充Experimental。最後也是最難寫的地方Introduction，這個讓審稿人一看就能知道你的文章的水準，所以寫好 Introduction是關乎論文是否收錄的關鍵所在。我和外國審稿人專家關於審稿交流過意見，他們也是這樣認為，他們也認為Introduction是整個文章的臉面，這是他們主要審的地方，在這裡能看到你的創新點，創新點不夠直接refuse；Introduction寫的還可以的話，就看Results and discussion，這部分其實主要看的是圖，你的圖的清晰度品質，以及性能圖。我審過一篇Journal of Hazardous Materials上面的文章，我也是這樣審的。當然是咱們國內某名牌大學的文章，做的是催化，我也是做這個的不知為什麼編輯發來讓我審，我也感覺很莫名。後來編輯告訴我和我的文章有些類似還稱我是專家，教授…… 下面我引用了一些總結的寫作經驗，我覺得很有用。大家認真看看，在此先祝福大家論文高中，碩果累累不減當年勇時： 1. 前言部分 1.1 如何指出當前研究的不足以及有目的地引匯出自己的研究的重要性通常在敘述了前人成果之後，用However來引導不足，比如 However, little information... little attention has been devoted to… little work... little data / little research or few studies / investigations / few attempts have been don on… or none of these studies has (have) been less done on ... / focused on / attempted to conducted / investigated / studied (with respect to) OR To the author's knowledge... There is little information available in literature about... Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about... Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider ignored misinterpreted neglected to overestimated, underestimated misleaded thus, these previous results are inconclusive / misleading… unsatisfactory / questionable /controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ... 一定要注意絕對不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看來前人的結論完全不對。這是前人工作最起碼的尊重，英文叫做給別人的工作credits. 所以文章不要出現非常negative的評價，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense, etc. 可以婉轉地提出： Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation. Their results could be better convinced if they ... Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertainties. 1.2.之後引匯出一種新方法，或者一種新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣，可以通過下面的方式強調自己工作的作用： However, data is still scarce rare less accurate there is still dearth of We need to / aim to / have to provide more documents / data / records / studies increase the dataset Further studies are still necessary... / essential... 為了強調自己研究的重要性，一般還要在However之前介紹自己研究問題的反方面，另一方面等等, 比如： 1)時間問題如果你研究的問題時間上比較新，你就可以大量提及對時間較老的問題的研究及重要性，然後說(However)，對時間尺度比較新的問題研究不足 2)物性及研究手段問題如果你要應用一種新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出當前比較流行的方法以及物質性質，然後說對你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。 3)研究區域問題首先總結相鄰區域或者其它區域的研究，然後強調這一區域研究不足 4)不確定性雖然前人對這一問題研究很多，但是目前有兩種或者更多種的觀點，這種uncertanties, ambiguities，值得進一步澄清 5)提出自己的假設來驗證如果自己的研究完全是新的，沒有前人的工作進行對比，在這種情況下，你可以自信地說，根據提出的過程，存在這種可能的結果，本文就是要證實這種結果。 We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ... It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). 1.3. 如何提出自己的觀點 We aim to… This paper reports on… provides results.. extends the method… focus on.. The purpose of this paper is to.. Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss... 1.4. 圈定自己的研究範圍前言的另外一個作用就是告訴讀者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究內容。如果處理不好，reviewer會提出嚴厲的建議，比如你沒有考慮某種可能性，某種研究手段等等。為了減少這種爭論，在前言的結尾你就要明確提出本文研究的範圍： 1)時間尺度問題如果你的問題涉及比較長的時序，你可以明確地提出本文只關心這一時間範圍的問題。 We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)... 或者有兩種時間尺度的問題 (long-term and short term)，你可以說兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一種 2) 研究區域的問題和時間問題一樣，明確提出你只關心這一地區 1.5. 最後的原場在前言的最後，還可以總結性地提出，這一研究對其它研究的説明。或者說，further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere) 總之，其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問題上來。減少爭論(arguments). 2. 怎樣提出觀點在提出自己的觀點時，採取什麼樣的策略很重要。不合適的句子通常會遭到reviewer的置疑。 1)如果觀點不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that... 2)對於自己很自信的觀點,可用 We believe that... 3)在更通常的情況下，由資料推斷出一定的結論，用， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that... 4) 在及其特別的情況才可以用We put forward (discover, observe..) .. "for the first time". 來強調自己的創新。 5) 如果自己對所提出的觀點不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interpret this to..) Or The results may be due to (caused by)/ attributed to / resulted from.. Or It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this.. 要注意這些結構要合理搭配。如果通篇是類型1)和5)，那這篇文章的意義就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定會遭到置疑。所以要仔細分析自己成果的創新性以及可信度。 3. 連接詞與邏輯寫英文論文最常見的一個毛病就是文章的邏輯不清楚。解決的方法有： 1)句子上下要有連貫，不能讓句子之間獨立常見的連接詞語有, also, in addition, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, However, although, unlike, in contrast, Unfortunately, Similarly, alternatively, parallel results, Compared with other results, In order to, despite, For example consequently, thus, therefore... 用好這些連接詞，能夠使觀點表達得有層次，更加明確。比如，如果敘述有時間順序的事件或者文獻，最早的文獻可用AA advocated it for the first time. 接下來，可用Then BB further demonstrated that.. 再接下來，可用Afterwards, CC.. 如果還有，可用More recent studies by DD.. 如果敘述兩種觀點，要把它們截然分開 AA put forward that........ In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest… or On the contrary (表明前面的觀點錯誤，如果只是表明兩種對立的觀點，用in contrast)， BB.. 如果兩種觀點相近,可用 AA suggest ….. Similarly ( alternatively), BB.. Or Also, BB… or BB also does … 表示因果或者前後關係，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result, 表明遞進關係，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, 當寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應用了這些連接詞。 2) 段落的整體邏輯經常我們要敘述一個問題的幾個方面。這種情況下，一定要注意邏輯結構。首先第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個部份 ...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involves... The second problem relates to … The third aspect deals with... 上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點逐層敘述。 Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third..... Finally,.. 當然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用來補充說明。 4. 正文部份的整體結構小標題是比較好的方法把要討論的問題分為幾個片段。一般第一個片段指出文章最為重要的資料與結論。補充說明的部份可以放在最後一個片段。一定要明白文章的讀者會分為多個檔次。文章除了本專業的專業人士讀懂以外，一定要想辦法能讓更多的外專業人讀懂。所以可以把討論部份分為兩部份，一部份提出觀點，另一部份詳細介紹過程以及論述的依據。這樣專業外的人士可以瞭解文章的主要觀點，比較專業的討論他可以把它當成黑箱子，而這一部份本專業人士可以進一步研究。 5. 關於abbreviation 如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 兩種方法加以解決 1) 在文章最好加上個Appendix，把所有Abbreviation清單 2) 在不同的頁面上，不時地給出Abbreviation的含義，用來提醒讀者。總之，寫文章的目的是要讓讀者讀懂，讀得清晰，並且採取各種措施方便於讀者。 5. Discussion 部分 5. 1時態 (a) 指出結果在哪些圖表中列出，常用一般現在時。如：Figure 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time. (b) 敘述或總結研究結果的內容為關於過去的事實，所以通常採用過去時。如：After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain. (c) 對研究結果進行說明或由其得出一般性推論時，多用現在時。如：The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their greater accumulated flying time. (d) 不同結果之間或實驗資料與理論模型之間進行比較時，多采一般現在時（這種比較關係多為不受時間影響的邏輯上的事實）。如：These results agree well with the findings of Smith, et al. 6. 討論部份包括什麼內容? 6.1 主要內容 1) 主要資料特徵的總結 2) 主要結論以及與前人觀點的對比 3) 本文的不足第三點，在一般作者看來不可取。事實上給出文章的不足恰恰是保護自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隱藏文章的漏洞，覺得別人看不出來，是非常不明智的。所謂不足，包括以下內容: a) 研究的問題有點片面討論時一定要說， It should be noted that this study has examined only… We concentrate (focus) on only... We have to point out that we do not… Some limitations of this study are... b) 結論有些不足 The results do not imply… The results can not be used to determine… be taken as evidence of… Unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data… Our results are lack of ... 但是，在指出這些不足之後，隨後一定要再一次加強本文的重要性以及可能採取的手段來解決這些不足，為別人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮筆。 Notwithstanding its limitation, this study does suggest… However, these problems could be solved if we consider… Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate… 用中文來說，這一部份是左右逢源。把審稿人想到的問題提前給一個交代，同時表明你已經在思考這些問題，但是由於文章長度，試驗進度或者試驗手段的制約，暫時不能回答這些問題。但是，這些通過你的一些建議，這些問題在將來的研究中游可能實現。 P.S. 堅信觀點的真實性：prove, demonstrate 不確定性： show，indicate，found 表示推測: imply，suggest 6．2 關於結論中的時態: (1) 回顧研究目的時，通常使用過去時。如：In this study, the effects of two different learning methods were investigated. (2) 如果所概述結果的有效性只是針對本次特定的研究，需用過去時；如果具有普遍的意義，則用現在時。如： In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions. The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well. (3) 闡述由結果得出的推論時，通常使用現在時。如：The data reported here suggest (These findings support the hypothesis, Our data provide evidence) that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available. Some points of style (摘自一個老外的Writing a Paper, 第一點和最後一點是我們經常用錯的) 财 Do not use nouns as adjectives （不要把名詞當作形容詞用） Not: ATP formation; reaction product But: Formation of ATP; product of the reaction 财 The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit. （This 後面必須跟一個名詞） Not: This is a fast reaction; This leads us to conclude.., But: This reaction is fast; This observation leads us to conclude… 财 Describe experimental results in the past tense. （試驗結果用過去時） Not: Addition of water gives product. But: Addition of water gave product. 财 Use the active voice whenever possible. （盡可能使用主動語態） Not: It was observed that the solution turned red. But: The solution turned red. OR We observed that the solution turned red. 财 Complete all comparisons. （使用完整的比較形式 A is higher than B） Not: The yield was higher using bromine. But: The yield was higher using bromine than chlorine. 近期整理了一些論文的寫作句式，放在了80-84樓，相信認真看完的人多少會有些收穫！ SCI 投稿全過程信件範本一覽一、最初投稿Cover letter Dear Editors: We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled “Paper Title”, which we wish to be considered for publication in “Journal Name”. No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and manuscript is approved by all authors for publication. I would like to declare on behalf of my co-authors that the work described was original research that has not been published previously, and not under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. All the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed. In this work, we evaluated …… (簡要介紹一下論文的創新性). I hope this paper is suitable for “Journal Name”. The following is a list of possible reviewers for your consideration: 1) Name A E-mail: ××××@×××× 2) Name B E-mail: ××××@×××× We deeply appreciate your consideration of our manuscript, and we look forward to receiving comments from the reviewers. If you have any queries, please don’t hesitate to contact me at the address below. Thank you and best regards. Yours sincerely, ×××××× Corresponding author: Name: ××× E-mail: ××××@×××× 二、催稿信 Dear Prof. ×××: Sorry for disturbing you. I am not sure if it is the right time to contact you to inquire about the status of my submitted manuscript titled “Paper Title”. (ID: 文章稿號), although the status of “With Editor” has been lasting for more than two months, since submitted to journal three months ago. I am just wondering that my manuscript has been sent to reviewers or not? I would be greatly appreciated if you could spend some of your time check the status for us. I am very pleased to hear from you on the reviewer’s comments. Thank you very much for your consideration. Best regards! Yours sincerely, ×××××× Corresponding author: Name: ××× E-mail: ××××@×××× 三、修改稿Cover letter Dear Dr/ Prof..（寫上負責你文章編輯的姓名，顯得尊重，因為第一次的投稿不知道具體負責的編輯，只能用通用的Editors）: On behalf of my co-authors, we thank you very much for giving us an opportunity to revise our manuscript, we appreciate editor and reviewers very much for their positive and constructive comments and suggestions on our manuscript entitled “Paper Title”. (ID: 文章稿號). We have studied reviewer’s comments carefully and have made revision which marked in red in the paper. We have tried our best to revise our manuscript according to the comments. Attached please find the revised version, which we would like to submit for your kind consideration. We would like to express our great appreciation to you and reviewers for comments on our paper. Looking forward to hearing from you. Thank you and best regards. Yours sincerely, ×××××× Corresponding author: Name: ××× E-mail: ××××@×××× 四、修改稿回答審稿人的意見（最重要的部分） List of Responses Dear Editors and Reviewers: Thank you for your letter and for the reviewers’ comments concerning our manuscript entitled “Paper Title” (ID: 文章稿號). Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with approval. Revised portion are marked in red in the paper. The main corrections in the paper and the responds to the reviewer’s comments are as flowing: Responds to the reviewer’s comments: Reviewer #1: 1. Response to comment: (……簡要列出意見……) Response: ×××××× 2. Response to comment: (……簡要列出意見……) Response: ×××××× 。。。。。。逐條意見回答，切忌一定不能有遺漏針對不同的問題有下列幾個禮貌術語可適當用用： We are very sorry for our negligence of ……... We are very sorry for our incorrect writing ……... It is really true as Reviewer suggested that…… We have made correction according to the Reviewer’s comments. We have re-written this part according to the Reviewer’s suggestion As Reviewer suggested that…… Considering the Reviewer’s suggestion, we have …… 最後特意感謝一下這個審稿人的意見： Special thanks to you for your good comments. Reviewer #2: 同上述 Reviewer #3: ×××××× Other changes: 1. Line 60-61, the statements of “……” were corrected as “…………” 2. Line 107, “……” was added 3. Line 129, “……” was deleted ×××××× We tried our best to improve the manuscript and made some changes in the manuscript. These changes will not influence the content and framework of the paper. And here we did not list the changes but marked in red in revised paper. We appreciate for Editors/Reviewers’ warm work earnestly, and hope that the correction will meet with approval. Once again, thank you very much for your comments and suggestions. 五、文章接受後可以考慮感謝一下負責你文章的編輯或主編（根據需要） Dear Prof. ××××××: Thanks very much for your kind work and consideration on publication of our paper. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers. Thank you and best regards. Yours sincerely, ×××××× Corresponding author: Name: ××× E-mail: ××××@×××× 六、詢問校稿信件（如果文章接受後時間較長） Dear ×××: Sorry for disturbing you. I am not sure if it is the right time to contact you to inquire about the status of our accepted manuscript titled “Paper Title” (ID: 文章稿號), since the copyright agreement for publication has been sent to you two months ago. I am just wondering that how long I can receive the proof of our manuscript from you? I would be greatly appreciated if you could spend some of your time for a reply. I am very pleased to hear from you. Thank you very much for your consideration. Yours sincerely, ×××××× Corresponding author: Name: ××× E-mail: ××××@×××× 七、文章校稿信件 Dear Mr. ×××: Thanks very much for your kind letter about the proof of our paper titled “ Paper Title” (ID: 文章稿號) for publication in “Journal Name”. We have finished the proof reading and checking carefully, and some corrections about the proof and the answers to the queries are provided below. Corrections: 1. In ****** should be **** (Page ***, Right column, line***) 2. In **** the “*****” should be “****” (Page ****, Right column, line****) Answers for “author queries”: 1. *********************. 2. ********************** 3. ********************** We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. Thank you and best regards. Yours sincerely, ×××××× Corresponding author: Name: ××× E-mail: ××××@×××× 本文來自: 小木蟲論壇 http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=2460590 Thanks very much for your kind letter about the proof of our paper titled -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 140.109.48.200

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