[轉錄][情報] 2002諾貝爾經濟學獎
※ [本文轉錄自 R913230XX 看板]
作者: JingBin (我將乘風飛翔......) 看板: R913230XX
標題: [情報] 2002諾貝爾經濟學獎
時間: Thu Oct 10 09:35:19 2002
2002.10.10 中國時報
諾貝爾獎陸續揭曉 經濟學獎 美兩學者摘桂冠
林正峰/綜合外電報導
瑞典皇家科學院周三宣布二○○二年諾貝爾經濟學家得主，由來自美國普林斯敦大學的
卡尼曼（Daniel Kahneman）與George Mason大學的史密斯（Vernon L. Smith）兩位美
國學者共享此經濟學界的最高榮耀、與一百萬美元的獎金，得獎理由是兩人首先把心理
與實驗經濟學運用於決策制定過程的研究，為該領域的先驅者。
卡尼曼，現年六十八歲，瑞典皇家科學院褒揚卡尼曼的傑出貢獻在於「將心理研究的洞見
整合入經濟科學，特別是處在不確定性下，人類所做的判斷與決策。」卡尼曼主要研究處
在不確定性下的決策，他想展現人類決策可能系統性地偏離根據標準經濟理論所預測出的
結果。
卡尼曼的研究也發現，人類的判斷可能基於簡單的錯誤嘗試法，導致系統性地偏離了基本
的機率理論。他的研究啟發了新一世代的財經研究者，投入研究認知心理學對內在動機所
造成的影響，增益了經濟理論。
史密斯，現年七十五歲，他為實驗經濟學領域扎根，製作類似科學界「風洞測試」實驗，
讓新的市場模型在實際運作前，先在實驗室中操作，視結果來決定是否解除電力、或其他
公共事業的獨佔。史密斯發展出多種實驗方式，設定可靠的經濟實驗標準。
根據傳統觀念，大部分的經濟研究是基於人性自利與理性決策的假說，經濟學被視為無法
實驗的科學，必須仰仗現實界的觀察，更勝於實驗室內經過條件控制的研究，不過今日越
來越多研究者致力於測試，並修正一些基本經濟假設，並且更加倚賴得自實驗室的數據。
這些研究主要基於兩方面，一為來自認知心理學者對人類判斷與決策的研究，另一來自實
驗經濟學家，針對經濟理論所得結果來進行經驗測試。
The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002
Daniel Kahneman
Princeton University, USA
"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic
science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under un-
certainty"
and
Vernon L. Smith
George Mason University, USA
"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic
analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms"
Psychological and experimental economics
Traditionally, much of economic research has relied on the assumption of a
“homo ?conomicus” motivated by self-interest and capable of rational decision
-making. Economics has also been widely considered a non-experimental science,
relying on observation of real-world economies rather than controlled
laboratory experiments. Nowadays, however, a growing body of research is
devoted to modifying and testing basic economic assumptions; moreover, economic
research relies increasingly on data collected in the lab rather than in the
field. This research has its roots in two distinct, but currently converging,
areas: the analysis of human judgment and decision-making by cognitive psy-
chologists, and the empirical testing of predictions from economic theory by
experimental economists. This year’s laureates are the pioneers in these two
research areas.
Daniel Kahneman has integrated insights from psychology into economics, thereby
laying the foundation for a new field of research. Kahneman’s main findings
concern decision-making under uncertainty, where he has demonstrated how human
decisions may systematically depart from those predicted by standard economic
theory. Together with Amos Tversky (deceased in 1996), he has formulated
prospect theory as an alternative, that better accounts for observed behavior.
Kahneman has also discovered how human judgment may take heuristic shortcuts
that systematically depart from basic principles of probability. His work has
inspired a new generation of researchers in economics and finance to enrich
economic theory using insights from cognitive psychology into intrinsic human
motivation.
Vernon Smith has laid the foundation for the field of experimental economics.
He has developed an array of experimental methods, setting standards for what
constitutes a reliable laboratory experiment in economics. In his own
experimental work, he has demonstrated the importance of alternative market
institutions, e.g., how the revenue expected by a seller depends on the choice
of auction method. Smith has also spearheaded “wind-tunnel tests”, where
trials of new, alternative market designs – e.g., when deregulating
electricity markets – are carried out in the lab before being implemented in
practice. His work has been instrumental in establishing experiments as an
essential tool in empirical economic analysis.
--
※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc)
◆ From: 140.112.215.121
--
※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc)
◆ From: 140.112.86.141